The Evolution of Comics: A Comparison of American and Japanese Formats
- Discover the fascinating evolution of comic formats around the world, with a focus on the distinct styles of America and Japan.
- Explore the origins of comic books and how they have evolved from newspaper comic strips to slim magazines with captivating main stories and vibrant advertisements.
- Learn about the unique development of manga in Japan, where thick comic magazines contain multiple serialized stories that are later collected into book form, creating a diverse and expansive comic culture.
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英語の長文、日本語訳お願いします
The format of comic pages, which is essentially the same throughout the world, follows the American convention of sequential illustrated panels with "speech balloons". But the tern "comic books" normally are not books but slim magazines of 30 or so color pages with one main story and several advertisements. They are the descendants of newspaper comic strips, which were first collected and issued in magazine format early in the twentieth century. In Japan, manga have developed in quite a different direction from America. Since the 1930s thick comic magazines have contained not one serialized story but many, and the most popular of them are later collected into book form. Today that trend continues, only on a larger scale.
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漫画の形式は、だいたい世界のどこでも似たようなもので、順序を追って絵の画面が並び「吹き出し」がつくと言うアメリカの習慣に従っている。 しかし「コミックブックス」という名前がついてはいるが、ブック（本）ではなく、いくつかの広告が入った、ストーリーが一本でカラー３０ページほどの雑誌なのが普通である。 もとはと言えば新聞の漫画欄の後裔で、二十世紀初めに、それ（＝新聞の漫画欄）が初めて集められて雑誌となった。 日本で、マンガは、アメリカとかなり違った方向に発展して行った。 １９３０年代から分厚い漫画雑誌は、１つの連載物だけでなく、多くの連載物を含み、後には本となった。 今日も、この傾向は続いており、ますます規模が大きくなるばかりである。
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- 英語の長文、日本語訳お願いします、II
Given the size of the Japanese comics industry, it is not surprising that manga have had considerable influence overseas. Some pirated versions of Japanese comics have appeared in other Asian nation for more than a decade. In Europe, manga have been given a lift by the popularity of Japanese animation, and several translated editions of comic stories have appeared . Inthe United States, readers were slow to appreciate Japanese manga, but there are now fan clubs of manga and of Japanese animation in most major cities. The United States invented the modern comic book and has had an enormous influence on the development of mangain Japan. But now, manga are playing an important role in reviving the industry in America. Manga are more than just another export from Japan. They are an important cross-cultural element in both nations.
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経済英語なのですが、冷やかし無しでお願いします・・。簡単な感じでも大丈夫です・・。 At the same time, by carefully and explisitly comparing the separate chronoligical stories with one another and then with similar developments in other great industrial companies, these stories can become more than mere case studies in the meeting and solving of administrative problems resulting from growth. They can provide otherwise unobtainable information essential to the understanding of the history of one of the most significant of today's institutions. Such a comparative and institutional study of American business would seem to have some real advantages over the more traditional histories of individual firms or the more general surveys of the American business economy. Not only does it permit an analysis of significant decisions in far greater depth and detail than is possible even in a multivolume history of a single great company, but it also makes it possible to relate these detailed analyses more clearly and more precisely to broader historical developments. On the other hand, complex decisions, actions, and events are not taken out of context and presented as mere illustrations as they would have to be in a general history of American business or of the American economy. They are not used to illustrate generalizations; they are the date from which the generalizations are derived.
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The tendency to judge the customs, cultural values, beliefs and norms of other societies by the standards of one's own, and hold one's own superior, is referred to as ethnocentrism. Upon my recent return from an amazing two weeks in northern India, I was asked, although rhetori- cally: Don't you appreciate America now? I was asked this not once but many times, which made me contem- plate the meaning of travel abroad with regard to valuing my home The impligátio land. n behind the above question was the presumption that I had a lack of appreciation before I ventured off to foreign soil. When I travel, I make a concerted effort at assimilating, to the best of my ability, into the culture and environment I am visiting.I have tried to stop thinking and categorizing in terms of contrasting and compar ing with America and be content with describing places and people and customs for what they are Sure, there are things I like better in one place or another, but those are merely components of cultures and countries, not a whole picture. Travel is not a competition; rather, it is a tool for understanding the world. Discarding preconceived notions and cultural biases provides a springboard for overcoming feelings of ethnocentricity.
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以下の英文の日本語訳で困っています。誰か教えてください。 (1)Of the 12 men who have walked on the moon, Harrison Schmitt, is the only one with scientific training in geology. (2)Schmitt's work on the Moon in 1972 ranks as one of the most exciting and productive episodes in the history of exploration. (3)His new book, Return to the Moon, is structured as a legal document, in which Schmitt argues for returning to the moon to mine the isotope helium-3. (4)He claims that because fossil fuels are limited in supply and because their extraction and use harm the environment, our world requires new sources of energy. (5)The ultimate solution, he suggests, is the generation of power by nuclear fusion－not of deuterium and tritium, as is usually proposed, but of deuterium and helium-3.
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お願いします (14) For every crime the courts assigned a specific punishment. For example, the penalty for stealing cattle was amputation of the nose and ears, with hard labor for the thief and his wife and children. Floggings, assignment to labor gangs, and amputation of noses and ears were the most common criminal sentences. Those who were sentenced to work in the quarries and mines suffered a fate far worse; only half of them survived the trek through the desert. The Greek historian Didorus Siculus recorded Egyptian court judgments: "The penalty for perjury was death; the reasoning being that the perjurer was guilty of the two greatest sins, being impious towards the gods and breaking the most important pledge known to man." (15) These are not the stories that cover the walls of the tombs of kings and nobles. They are written in the court documents and stored in the prison archives. They are not inscribed on the bellies of beetles. Who we are, where we are going, and what we've done are not always what we want to announce to the world. Our dark side is not something we want named. But in real life even sweet-smelling roses have thorns. So it was with real life in ancient Egypt.
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お願いします。 (10) But the writings that actually come from the First Intermediate Period aren't quite so negative. Some stories are about problemr, but problems that could be overcome. Problems wrestled with. Problems solved. Not everything was bleak for everyone. With the decline of the king's power, people suddenly began to think for themselves. If the king could not control Egypt, was he really a god? Perhaps, if the king was not perfect and he could enter the afterlife, others could, too. (11) Directions to the next world, which previously had been available only to the king, were now being written on the inside and outside of coffins. Maps of the underworld were drawn, too, so that the dead could find their way. Just to be on the safe side, artists drew eyes on the outside of the coffin so that dead inside could read what was written outside. The Coffin Texts became available to the upper levels of society who could afford a burial. (12) Without the rigid formulas of the old ways, new ways were possible. The paintings and stories in Ankhtyfy's tomb are examples of this new freedom. They are unlike anything from the Old Kingdom. The artists painted in bold new styles. The painted scenes of everyday activities such as spinning and weaving, with craftspeople using new inventions. Artistry and technology bloomed when the artisans were no longer told how things must be done. (13) Scholars do not agree on exactly when the First Intermediate Period ended and the Middle Kingdom began. The list of kings is confusing, and dates overlap. But one thing is certain: when the Middle Kingdom was in full swing, centralized power was back.
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- 【至急】英文の日本語訳を教えてください
タイトル通りです。よろしくお願いいたします。 (1) What kinds of stories are there in this book? There are stories about a flying island a country of giants and a country of horses. (2) Which Japanese cities did Gulliver visit? He visited Nagasaki and Kannonzaki. (3) Which city is "Nagasac”? Is Nagasaki.
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この英文の意味を教えて下さい。 Again, there are clues and stories that seem to be throwing some light. For instance, many kinds of birds are known to use star maps. In the early weeks of life the baby birds sit in their nets and study the night sky- and are somewhat confused if those early weeks are too cloudy. But they do not, as human amateur astronomers might do , spend their time learning the individual constellations - how to recognize Orion or trace the fanciful outline of Taurus, or whatever. Instead, they focus on the part that does not move as the night progress, which in the Northern Hemisphere means the North Star. They can see, if they look at it long enough, that as the night progresses, all the stars in the sky, including the mighty Orion and the notional Taurus, seem to revolve around the Pole Star, which sits in the middle like the central part of a giant cartwheel Once they recognize the central part, the most fundamental problem is solved. The creature that can do this knows where north is and everything else can be figured out. I don't know what the equivalent would be in the Southern Hemisphere, but undoubtedly there is one. Navigation simply does not seem to need the details of astronomy.
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お願いします (7) But perhaps the story that Hatshepsut would most want us to know is about the trade expedition to Punt. The story is drawn in detail on the walls of the temple where she was worshipped after death. The story shows how Hatshepsut added to Egypt's wealth by focusing her reign on trade and exploration. It shows that with Hatshepsut as king, there was a whole lot of flourishing going on in Egypt. There was ma'at. A series of pictures and captions tell the story of the journey to Punt. (8) Five sailing ships manned with soldiers, officials, and rowers leave Egypt. Whe they arrive off foreign shores they anchor and all climb into small boats loaded with trinkets for trade. While making their way through the jungle of ebony and palm tree, the Egyptian traders come across a village. Beehive-shaped huts made from woven palm fronds sit up on stilts so far above the ground that the only way to get inside is to climb ladders leading from the ground up to the doorways. (9) The exact location of Punt is not known, but the animals in the scenes are clearly African. There are leopards, rhinoceros, and giraffes. The carvings show trees full of monkeys. Scholars believe that the expedition took place in the spring because the birds in the pictures are nesting.
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Firepower could conserve infantry but a battle of material prolonged the war and consumed the troops which were preserved in each battle. In 1915 and early 1916, German industry quintupled the output of heavy artillery and doubled the production of super-heavy artillery. French production had also recovered since 1914 and by February 1916, the army had 3,500 heavy guns. In May 1916, Joffre implemented a plan to issue each division with two groups of 155 mm guns and each corps with four groups of long-range guns. Both sides at Verdun had the means to fire huge numbers of heavy shells to suppress defences, before risking infantry movements. At the end of May, the Germans had 1,730 heavy guns at Verdun against 548 French, which were sufficient to contain the Germans but not enough for a counter-offensive.
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