Russia's Military in World War I: Early Victories, Major Defeats, and a Decline in Morale

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  • The Russian army in World War I achieved some early victories but also suffered major defeats, resulting in nearly six million casualties by January 1917.
  • The army faced challenges such as inadequate supply, high desertion rates, and incompetent officers and commanders.
  • In an attempt to boost morale, Tsar Nicholas took personal command of the army in 1915, despite advice to the contrary.
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英文を日本語訳して下さい。

The army achieved some early victories (such as in Galicia in 1915 and with the Brusilov Offensive in 1916) but also suffered major defeats, notably Tannenberg in August 1914, the Winter Battle in Masuria in February 1915 and the loss of Russian Poland during May to August 1915. Nearly six million casualties—dead, wounded and missing—had been accrued by January 1917. Mutinies sprang up more often (most due to simple war-weariness), morale was at its lowest, and the (newly called up) officers and commanders were at times very incompetent. Like all major armies, Russia's armed forces had inadequate supply. The pre-revolution desertion rate ran at around 34,000 a month. Meanwhile, the wartime alliance of industry, Duma and Stavka (Military High Command) started to work outside the Tsar's control. In an attempt to boost morale and repair his reputation as a leader, Nicholas announced in the summer of 1915 that he would take personal command of the army, in defiance of almost universal advice to the contrary.

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＞The army achieved some early victories (such as in Galicia in 1915 and with the Brusilov Offensive in 1916) but also suffered major defeats, notably Tannenberg in August 1914, the Winter Battle in Masuria in February 1915 and the loss of Russian Poland during May to August 1915. Nearly six million casualties—dead, wounded and missing—had been accrued by January 1917. ⇒軍は、早い段階で若干の勝利（例えば、1915年のガリツィアや1916年の「ブルシーロフ攻撃」）を成し遂げた。しかし、大きな敗北もあり、特に1914年8月のタネンベルク、1915年2月の「マスリア冬の戦い」、1915年5月から8月までの間のロシア・ポーランド軍の損失、などを喫した。ほぼ600万人の犠牲者 ― 死者、負傷者、および行方不明者 ― が、1917年1月までに発生した。 ＞Mutinies sprang up more often (most due to simple war-weariness), morale was at its lowest, and the (newly called up) officers and commanders were at times very incompetent. Like all major armies, Russia's armed forces had inadequate supply. The pre-revolution desertion rate ran at around 34,000 a month. Meanwhile, the wartime alliance of industry, Duma and Stavka (Military High Command) started to work outside the Tsar's control. ⇒暴動・反抗が、かつてより頻繁に出現し（多くは単純な戦争疲れによる）、士気は最も低く下がって、（新たに召集された）将校と指揮官は時に極めて役に立たずであった。あらゆる主要方面軍と同様、ロシア軍隊の供給は不十分であった。革命前の脱走率は、1か月につき34,000人前後であった。一方、戦時中の工業連携同盟や、「ドゥーマ」（ロシア帝国議会）および「スタフカ」（軍の最高司令部）が、ツァーの支配の外で動き始めた。 ＞In an attempt to boost morale and repair his reputation as a leader, Nicholas announced in the summer of 1915 that he would take personal command of the army, in defiance of almost universal advice to the contrary. ⇒ニコラスは、士気を押し上げ、指導者としての評判を修復しようとして、1915年夏に、ほとんど一般的な反対の忠言に逆らって、軍の個人的指揮官としての役を引き受ける、と発表した。

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