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It seems to be the case that sound changes not only spread from one person to another and from one style to another style,they also spread from one word to another.Sound changes spread through different words one by one.This is called lexical diffusion.When a sound change begins,all the words with a particular vowel don't change at once in the speech of a community.People don't go to bed one night using the sound [u:] and wake up using [au] in house, pouch,how and out.Instead,the sound change occurs first in one word,and then later in another,and so on.In Belfast,for instance,a vowel change affected the vowel in the word pull before put,and put before should.And in East Anglia the vowel in must changed before the vowel in come,which changed before the vowel in uncle ,although thy all started off with the same vowel,and they all ended up with the identical different vowel at a later point.In New Zealand a vowel change which is currently in progress is the merging of the vowels in word pairs like beer and bear,which used to be distinct.This change,too,seems to be proceeding by this process of lexical diffusion.A recent study suggested that the distinction had disappeared completely for most young people in the pair really/rarely,while fear and fair were still distinct in many young people's speech.
This French example illustrates nicely that language change is more accurately thought of as an accumulation of changes in the speech of individuals,rather than something which occurs in the language independently of its speakers.
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