Old Age and Failing Health
- Old age is a time of failing health, with many elderly facing various health issues such as tooth loss, vision problems, chronic illnesses, and hearing impairments.
- Serious conditions like arthritis, rheumatism, high blood pressure, and heart disease are more prevalent among the elderly, with the majority of them having some form of chronic health condition.
- In addition to their health problems, elderly individuals also have lower incomes and higher healthcare costs compared to younger age groups.
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Failing health Old age is a time of failing health. Over half the elderly have lost their teeth; over half have problems with vision; about half have chronic health problems that limit their activities; and over a fourth have problems with hearing (Kalish, 1975). In addition, serious conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism, high blood pressure, and heart disease are more prevalent, and seven out of eight old people have chronic conditions of some kind (Bengtson & Haber, 1975). On top of all this, their incomes are lower and their health costs are higher than at younger ages. お願いします。
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健康の衰え 老年期とは健康が衰える時期である。年配者の半数以上が歯を失ってしまい、同じく半数以上が視力に問題を抱えている。また、約半数が行動に制限がかかるような慢性的な健康障害を持ち、四分の一を超える人に聴力障害がある(1975年、Kalishによる)。加えて、関節炎・リューマチ・高血圧・心臓病のような深刻な健康状態もより見受けられ、老人の8人のうち7人が何らかの慢性疾患を抱えている(1975年、BengtsonとHaberによる)。その上若い時よりも収入は下がっているのに健康にかかる費用は高くなっている。 細かいところはチェックしてください。
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Retirement frequently brings on an economic crisis that leaves little money for luxuries and travel, and often leaves little room for necessities. Furthermore, failing eyesight, arthritis, and other health problems often accompany old age, curtailing activity and promoting isolation by restricting mobility. Instead of serenely contemplating the past and future, the old may be continually frustrated by tip-of-the-tongue forgetting of the past, and their ill health may make them despondent about their future. お願いします。
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The reality does not always agree with the ideal. The old may prattle and preach (“When I was young, we didn’t have it so good...") rather than teach, especially because their failing memory makes their testimony unreliable. お願いします。
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First, wives tend to be younger than their husbands, by an average of two or three years (Troll, 1975), and thus would naturally be expected to outlive them. Second, women have a longer life expectancy than men all over the world. Finally, elderly widowers are more likely to remarry than elderly widows. Widowers have more to gain from remarrying than widows because husbands often depend entirely on their wives for males, housekeeping, and homemaking, hence their lives are disrupted in major ways by loss of their spouse (Lopata, 1975). In addition, wives often are responsible for maintaining contact with relatives, hence the widower loses contact with them. Finally, husbands do not expect to outlive their wives, hence are not psychologically prepared-socialized-for the loss (Treas, 1975). お願いします。
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The stage theory of dying was developed by psychiatrist Elizabeth Kubler-Ross from interviews with a large number of terminally ill persons. However, her methods of collecting and interpreting the data have been questioned, and she has been criticized for failing to consider such demographic variables as nature or the disease, sex of the patient, race, developmental level, and cognitive style (Kastenbaum, 1975). Thus, the usefulness and generality of the theory are questionable. However, her research has forced others to be concerned, with the psychology of dying. お願いします。
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Although most old people do not live in poverty, most live below standard. Given their health problems, furthermore, they live further below standard than their dollar incomes would suggest (Bengtson & Haber, 1975). Another reason to question the value of the poverty index, or any index based on number of dollars of income, is that they are not satisfactory indexes of the relative quality of life. They are based on adequacy of income without taking into consideration preretirement income (see Walther, 1975). A person whose pension income is substantially below the preretirement income must suffer a substantial reduction in standard of living without additional funds. お願いします。
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The picture is complicated because some persons carry over their work-related tasks into retirement, and some workers see the leisure after retirement as their just reward. Finally, “it seems entirely possible that, given sufficient income and transportation, the elderly who are in good health would willingly make use of whatever sources of leisure entertainment were available without longing for work” (Kalish,1975, p. 115). Retirement then is task for the society as well as for elderly persons. お願いします。
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Kohlberg’s adolescent moral stage The operative moral principle in adolescence is often that if everyone misbehaved , society would not work; law and order are necessary or we would have chaos and so control over others. Interestingly, it is during this period of adolescence, when so many youngsters in fact have problems in accepting authority (or at least question it closely), that youngsters begin to feel very strongly about the importance of that authority for purposes of defining morality. よろしくお願いします。
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Loneliness The feeling of loneliness pervades old age, even for old persons still living with their spouses. It is especially prevalent among women and among women especially among widows (Lopata, 1975). In fact, loneliness is the major difficulty faced by widows (treas, 1975). Among the other consequences of loneliness is reduced appetite, which could result in malnutrition (Weg, 1975); but the one inevitable consequence of loneliness is reduced satisfaction with life. The quality of life cannot be satisfactory if one is ridden with loneliness, social isolation, and bitterness. お願いします。
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Close-up Life Expectancy: How Long Is Long? “There are groups of mountain people in the Soviet Union, India and Ecuador who claim to love very long lives. Some people say they’re 125 years old and going strong. “Robert R. Kohn, professor of pathology at Case Western University, says the claims aren’t true. “’They have every reason to claim old age-economic reasons, status reasons-and there are no records to back up the claims, ‘says Kohn. “While in the Soviet Union for a scientific meeting. Kohn found another reason: The old people in Georgia have become such a tourist attraction that he was offered the opportunity to see them for the sum of 50 American dollars. There’s no doubt these people are old and healthy and they would be worth studying, but when you read about Ivan who’s 146 tears old and his mother’s mad at him, don’t believe it. お願いします。
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