Loneliness: The Silent Struggle of the Elderly
- Loneliness is a pervasive feeling in old age, even for those still living with their spouses.
- It is particularly common among women, especially widows.
- Loneliness leads to reduced appetite, malnutrition, and overall dissatisfaction with life.
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Loneliness The feeling of loneliness pervades old age, even for old persons still living with their spouses. It is especially prevalent among women and among women especially among widows (Lopata, 1975). In fact, loneliness is the major difficulty faced by widows (treas, 1975). Among the other consequences of loneliness is reduced appetite, which could result in malnutrition (Weg, 1975); but the one inevitable consequence of loneliness is reduced satisfaction with life. The quality of life cannot be satisfactory if one is ridden with loneliness, social isolation, and bitterness. お願いします。
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孤独 まだ彼らの配偶者と一緒に暮らしている高齢者にとってさえ、孤独感は、老年に広がります。それ（孤独感）は、特に女性に、そして、特に未亡人に一般的です（ロパタ、1975）。実際、孤独は、未亡人が直面する主要な困難です（トレアス、1975）。その他の孤独の結果には、食欲不振があります、これは、栄養失調に至る場合があります（ウェグ、1975）;しかし、孤独の1つの回避不能の結果は、人生に対する満足感の減少です。人が孤独、社会的な孤立、苦痛に悩まされるならば、生活の質が満足なはずはありません。
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Dependency Poverty is not common in old age, but it is far from rare, especially among nonwhite old people. In 1973, about one out of seven (14.4 percent) old whites were below the low-income level used to define poverty, while more than one-third (35.5 percent) of old nonwhites were poor. お願いします。
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Intelligence Neugarten (1976) has summarized the known facts about aging and intelligence as follows: a. Speed of responding declines with age. One consequence is that the elderly will perform especially poorly when the test is given under speeded conditions. b. Chronological age is not a good predictor of performance. c. Old people who remain physically and mentally active perform better than those who become inactive. d. Educational level predicts performance in old age; the higher the educational attainment, the better the performance. e. Intellectual decline seems to be inversely related longevity; the less bright die younger. f. Intellectual decline is greater in old men than in old woman. お願いします。
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Physical and mental dependency are dealt with in different ways, depending on the resources available. If income is sufficient, the old person may continue to live “independently” in his or her own home. Often, however, monetary resources are too low, and the old person moves in with relatives, usually one of his or her children. If this resource is unavailable, because no child is willing or able to take in the aged and ailing parent, then the only recourse is institutionalization. Only a very small proportion of the aged population is institutionalized, however, amounting in 1970 to about 4 percent of white men, 6 percent of white women, and 3 percent of black men and women. お願いします。
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These statistics do not indicate two middle-age crises associated with occupation. One is the financial strain of supporting adolescent children, especially if they are in college or they married young and require financial assistance. The average first child first child is born when the husband is 22 or 23 years old and the last child when he is 28 or 29. Therefore, the husband will be supporting adolescent children and maybe college students as he begins middle age. お願いします。
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Adulthood Developmental psychologists have disagreed about the age range that should define the stage of young adulthood. The word adult is derived from the past participle of the Latin verb adolescere, to grow up. Thus, by derivation an adolescent is one who is growing up, an adult is a “grown-up”. The problem of definition is that the adult is supposed to be grown up not only with respect to physical characteristics, but also with respect to psychological characteristics. He or she is supposed to be mature physically and psychologically. Physical maturity is difficult to measure, and psychological maturity is difficult even to define, especially because some psychological processes continue to improve until very old age. Because of the difficulty of measuring physical and psychological maturity, many developmentalist have by-passed the problem, and adopted a definition based only on age level. お願いします。
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The same is true of studies of long-term rote memory, even though this type of memory is probably almost never required once a person has finished school. Once the years of formal schooling are over, test-taking days are largely past. An occasional test will need to be taken, for driver’s license renewal, for example, but by and large the need for long-term rote memory is reduced to zero in day-to-day adult life. People do not get much practice, if any, with the memory skills of bygone school years, and by the time they are old they can expect to be unable to use the old skills efficiently, and may be unable to use them at all. お願いします。
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Regarding the question of whether death is a life crisis, one noted authority concluded that it is not invariably a crisis for an individual person. “There are people among us who seldom give thought to death. Some of these people come to death before death has come to mind-accidents, foul play, sudden traumas of various kinds. A crisis was neither anticipated nor experienced in such instances. Others among us do think of death, but minus the doomsday visions. There are people who seem to view personal annihilation with equanimity, and others who are serene because, for them, death does not represent annihilation. Still others feel sorely troubled with the life they are experiencing, and death is seen as the solution rather than the problem” (Kastenbaum, 1975, p. 48). お願いします。
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Integrity vs. despair In Erikson’s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development, the crisis revolves around the meaning of life, life in general, and one’s own life in particular. Unsuccessful resolution is associated with a feeling of despair. The life was wasted, and too little time is left to pick up the pieces; all that remains is frustration and hopelessness. In contrast, a sense of integrity comes with successful resolution, integrity in its meaning of honesty and soundness of moral principle and also in its meaning of wholeness or oneness, integration of self and cosmos. Persons who attain this sense of integrity should also attain Kohlberg’s Stage 6 of morality, and some perhaps even Stage 7, in which morality is postconventional, based on principles that are universal (Stage 6) or cosmic (Stage 7) in scope. お願いします。
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Life expectancy The first table shows variations in life expectancy around the world. ● Life expectancies are longer in Europe than anywhere else. Consequently, a larger percentage of the population of Europe is old than anywhere else. It has been estimated that the average life expectancy in 1000 B.C. was eighteen years. The first row in the second table shows changes in life expectancy in the United States in the twentieth century. お願いします。
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Fluid abilities should change with changes in physiological characteristics of the person. Since marked physiological changes occur in old age, marked changes in fluid abilities should also occur. In contrast, crystallized intelligence should tend to be maintained, in spite of the mutual withdrawal of the elderly person and society, because contact with the culture is only reduced, not eliminated. The best estimates presently available support these predictions, in that crystallized abilities seem to be maintained during old age or even to increase, while fluid abilities decline. Thus, the “well-established finding” is now considered to be only partly correct for the individual. It is true that some intellectual abilities decline in old age-and more markedly than had been believed-but others are maintained until “terminal drop” begins. お願いします。
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