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質問

By early 1915 a new threat began to materialise: submarines. At first they were used by the Germans only to attack naval vessels, something they achieved only occasionally but sometimes with spectacular success. Then the U-boats began to attack merchant vessels at times, although almost always in accordance with the old Cruiser Rules. Desperate to gain an advantage on the Atlantic, the German government decided to step up their submarine campaign, as a result of the British declaring the North Sea a war zone in November 1914. On 4 February 1915, Germany declared the seas around the British Isles a war zone: from 18 February Allied ships in the area would be sunk without warning. This was not wholly unrestricted submarine warfare as efforts would be taken to avoid sinking neutral ships.
Lusitania was scheduled to arrive in Liverpool on 6 March 1915. The Admiralty issued her specific instructions on how to avoid submarines. Admiral Henry Oliver ordered HMS Louis and HMS Laverock to escort Lusitania, and took the further precaution of sending the Q-ship HMS Lyons to patrol Liverpool Bay. The destroyer commander attempted to discover the whereabouts of Lusitania by telephoning Cunard, who refused to give out any information and referred him to the Admiralty. At sea, the ships contacted Lusitania by radio but did not have the codes used to communicate with merchant ships. Captain Dow of Lusitania refused to give his own position except in code, and since he was, in any case, some distance from the positions they gave, continued to Liverpool unescorted. In response to this new submarine threat, some alterations were made to the ship's protocols. In contravention to the Cruiser Rules she was ordered not to fly any flags in the war zone. Some messages were sent to the ship's commander to help him decide how to best protect his ship against the new threat, and it also seems that her funnels were most likely painted dark grey to help make her less visible to enemy submarines. Clearly, there was no hope of disguising her identity, as her profile was so well known, and no attempt was made to paint out the ship's name at the bow. Captain Dow, apparently suffering from stress from operating his ship in the war zone, and after a significant "false flag" controversy, left the ship; Cunard later explained that he was "tired and really ill". He was replaced by Captain William Thomas Turner, who had previously commanded Lusitania, Mauretania, and Aquitania in the years before the war.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞By early 1915 a new threat began to materialise: submarines. At first they were used by the Germans only to attack naval vessels, something they achieved only occasionally but sometimes with spectacular success. Then the U-boats began to attack merchant vessels at times, although almost always in accordance with the old Cruiser Rules.
⇒1915年初頭までに、新たな脅威が顕在化し始めた。すなわち、潜水艦である。最初は、海軍艦艇を攻撃するためにのみドイツ軍によって使用されていた。その後、Uボートは商船を攻撃するようになったが、それでも、ほとんどの場合、古い「巡洋艦規則」に従っていた。

＞Desperate to gain an advantage on the Atlantic, the German government decided to step up their submarine campaign, as a result of the British declaring the North Sea a war zone in November 1914. On 4 February 1915, Germany declared the seas around the British Isles a war zone: from 18 February Allied ships in the area would be sunk without warning. This was not wholly unrestricted submarine warfare as efforts would be taken to avoid sinking neutral ships.
⇒大西洋で優位に立とうと必死になったドイツ政府は、1914年11月に英国が北海を戦争地帯と宣言した結果、潜水艦海戦の強化を決定した。1915年2月4日、ドイツは英国諸島を戦争地帯であると宣言した。すなわち、2月18日から、その地域の連合国軍の船舶を警告なしに沈没する、と宣言したのである。（もはや）これは、中立の船舶は沈没を避けるための努力が払われるため、全く無制限の潜水艦戦というわけではなかった。

＞Lusitania was scheduled to arrive in Liverpool on 6 March 1915. The Admiralty issued her specific instructions on how to avoid submarines. Admiral Henry Oliver ordered HMS Louis and HMS Laverock to escort Lusitania, and took the further precaution of sending the Q-ship* HMS Lyons to patrol Liverpool Bay. The destroyer commander attempted to discover the whereabouts of Lusitania by telephoning Cunard, who refused to give out any information and referred him to the Admiralty.
⇒ルシタニア号は1915年3月6日にリバプールに到着する予定であった。海軍本部は、潜水艦の回避方法に関する具体的な指示を出した。ヘンリー・オリバー提督は、HMSルイーズ号とHMSレーバーロック号にルシタニア号を護衛するように命じ、またリバプール湾を巡視するためにQ船*HMSライオンズ号を派遣するという、さらなる予防措置を講じた。駆逐艦の司令官はキュナードに電話をかけてルシタニア号の行方を発見しようとしたが、彼は情報の公表を拒否し、司令官を海軍省にさし向けた。
＊Q-ship「Q船」：当時英国が、潜水艦沈没のため商船に見せかけた武装船。

＞At sea, the ships contacted Lusitania by radio but did not have the codes used to communicate with merchant ships. Captain Dow of Lusitania refused to give his own position except in code, and since he was, in any case, some distance from the positions they gave, continued to Liverpool unescorted. In response to this new submarine threat, some alterations were made to the ship's protocols.
⇒海上では、艦船は無線でルシタニア号に連絡したが、商船と通信するためのコード（暗号使用）はなかった。ルシタニア号のダウ船長は、コードを通じる以外で自船の場所を知らせることを拒否し、知らせても、その場所からある程度離れていたので護衛船抜きでリバプールに向かった。この新しい潜水艦の脅威に対応して、船舶の通信規約にいくつかの変更が加えられた。

＞In contravention to the Cruiser Rules she was ordered not to fly any flags in the war zone. Some messages were sent to the ship's commander to help him decide how to best protect his ship against the new threat, and it also seems that her funnels were most likely painted dark grey to help make her less visible to enemy submarines. Clearly, there was no hope of disguising her identity, as her profile was so well known, and no attempt was made to paint out the ship's name at the bow.
⇒ルシタニア号は、「巡洋艦規則」に違反して、戦場で旗を掲げないように命じられた。いくつかのメッセージが本船の司令官に送られ、彼が新しい脅威から自船を最もよく守る方法を決定するのを助けた。また、ルシタニア号の煙突が濃い灰色に塗装されたのは、おそらく敵の潜水艦から見えにくくするためであったと見られる。明らかに、本船の輪郭像はよく知られているので身元を隠すことは望めず、船首の船名を塗りつぶそうともしなかった。

＞Captain Dow, apparently suffering from stress from operating his ship in the war zone, and after a significant "false flag" controversy, left the ship; Cunard later explained that he was "tired and really ill". He was replaced by Captain William Thomas Turner, who had previously commanded Lusitania, Mauretania, and Aquitania in the years before the war.
⇒ダウ船長は、明らかに戦争地帯で操船するストレスに苦しんでいたので、重大な「偽旗」論争の後、船を去った。後にキュナードは、「彼は疲労が高じて本当の病気を患っていた」と説明した。戦前にルシタニア号、モーレタニア号、およびアキタニア号を指揮していたウィリアム・トーマス・ターナー大尉が、彼ダウ船長に取って代わることとなった。

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