The Battle of Sarikamish: A Disastrous Defeat in the Caucasus
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The Battle of Sarikamish was a disastrous defeat for the Ottoman 3rd Army in the Caucasus during World War I.
The Ottoman forces, led by Hafız Hakkı, were driven back by the advancing Russian troops, resulting in heavy losses and the capture of several divisions.
Despite Hafız Hakkı's hope for reinforcements and his belief in the possibility of taking Sarikamish, the Russian advance forced a total retreat of the Ottoman forces.
英文を日本語訳して下さい。
On January 3, IX Corps were driven out to the same direction, in which the remnants of the X Corps were also retreating. Hafız Hakkı was hoping for reinforcements. He did not order his units to retreat as he believed it could be still possible to take Sarikamish. Meanwhile, around 40 km south, the XI Corps led by Galip was renewing attacks on Russian lines in an attempt to relieve the pressure on the IX and X Corps positioned in front of Sarikamish. The Russians were advancing and the circle was getting narrower.
On January 4, Hafız Hakkı toured the front line. He told İhsan that the battle was over unless some of the troops on the Allahüekber Mountains were still alive.
Retreat, January 4–15
On January 6, the 3rd Army headquarters found itself under fire. The Russians captured the entire 28th Division. The 17th and 29th Divisions were taken prisoner. Eight senior officers including İhsan surrendered to the Russians. Among the captives, 108 officers and 80 soldiers transferred to Sarikamish. Hafız Hakkı managed to safely reach the headquarters of X Corps. He was told that IX Corps had fallen into the hands of Russians and ordered a total retreat. On January 7, the remaining forces began their march towards Erzurum.
Ukrainian poster commemorating the battle.
On January 11, after four days of travel, Enver and the German officers reached Erzurum. They had stipulated in their original plan that the same route could be taken by the advancing 3rd Army in two days. The transports dispatched from Constantinople which attempted to land troops and provisions at Trabzon were sunk by a Russian Black Sea squadron and warships. The escorts SMS Goeben and TCG Hamidieh were chased back to the Bosporus.
On January 17, the remnants of the Ottoman forces in the woods outside Sarikamish were collected, which signaled the end of fighting on this front. The Russian right wing cleared the Choruk Valley. Enver's project ended in failure after three weeks of struggle amid high mountains and deep snowdrifts. For a time, at least, Russia was secure from attack in the Caucasus. Hafız Hakkı expected that the Russians would use this success to capture the Erzurum Fortress. The 3rd Army immediately tried to take measures, but this proved to be nearly impossible as all the local reserves were depleted.
On February 12, Hafız Hakkı died of typhus at the age of 36. Otto Liman von Sanders, who had been asked before, rejected the position again. Mahmut Kamil took the command of the Army. War minister Enver never commanded troops in battle again. A German officer attached to the army wrote later, the Ottoman 3rd army had "suffered a disaster which for rapidity and completeness is without parallel in military history."
＞On January 3, IX Corps were driven out to the same direction, in which the remnants of the X Corps were also retreating. Hafız Hakkı was hoping for reinforcements. He did not order his units to retreat as he believed it could be still possible to take Sarikamish. Meanwhile, around 40 km south, the XI Corps led by Galip was renewing attacks on Russian lines in an attempt to relieve the pressure on the IX and X Corps positioned in front of Sarikamish. The Russians were advancing and the circle was getting narrower.
On January 4, Hafız Hakkı toured the front line. He told İhsan that the battle was over unless some of the troops on the Allahüekber Mountains were still alive.
⇒1月3日、第IX軍団は、第X軍団の生き残り兵が後退していく同じ方向に追い出された。ハフィズ・ハッキは増援を望んでいた。サリカミッシュを奪取することが可能であると信じていたので、彼は部隊に退却を命じることはなかった。一方、南約40キロのところで、ガリプの率いる第XI軍団は、サリカミッシュの前線に位置する第IX軍団と第X軍団への圧力を和らげる試みとしてロシア軍戦線への攻撃を更新した。ロシア軍は前進を続けて、包囲網がだんだん狭くなっていった。
1月4日、ハフィズ・ハッキは前線を視察した。彼は、アラフエクベル山脈の軍隊の数個部隊がまだ生きているのでなければ、戦いを終るようにとイサンに語った。
＞Retreat, January 4–15
On January 6, the 3rd Army headquarters found itself under fire. The Russians captured the entire 28th Division. The 17th and 29th Divisions were taken prisoner. Eight senior officers including İhsan surrendered to the Russians. Among the captives, 108 officers and 80 soldiers transferred to Sarikamish. Hafız Hakkı managed to safely reach the headquarters of X Corps. He was told that IX Corps had fallen into the hands of Russians and ordered a total retreat. On January 7, the remaining forces began their march towards Erzurum.
⇒1月４日－15日、撤退
1月6日に、第3方面軍本部は砲火にさらされた。ロシア軍は、第28師団全体を攻略した。第17師団と第29師団は捕虜になった。イサンを含む8人の上級将校がロシア軍に降伏した。捕虜のうち、将校108人と兵士80人がサリカミッシュに移送された。ハフィズ・ハッキは無事に第X軍団の本部にたどり着いた。彼は、第9軍団がロシア軍の手に落ちたので、完全退却を命じてくれるように言われた。1月7日、残りの部隊はエルズルムに向かって行進を始めた。
＞Ukrainian poster commemorating the battle.
On January 11, after four days of travel, Enver and the German officers reached Erzurum. They had stipulated in their original plan that the same route could be taken by the advancing 3rd Army in two days. The transports dispatched from Constantinople which attempted to land troops and provisions at Trabzon were sunk by a Russian Black Sea squadron and warships. The escorts SMS Goeben and TCG Hamidieh were chased back to the Bosporus.
⇒□戦いを記念するウクライナのポスター。□
1日11日、4日間の旅の後、エンベルとドイツ軍の将校はエルズルムに到着した。当初の計画では、第3方面軍が同じ道をたどれば2日間で進軍することができると規定・明記していたところである。コンスタンティノープルから派遣された輸送隊がトラブゾンで軍隊と食糧の陸上げを試みたが、ロシア軍の黒海大隊と軍艦によって沈められた。護衛船のSMSゴエベン号とTCGハミヂエフ号は、追われてボスポラス海峡に戻った。
＞On January 17, the remnants of the Ottoman forces in the woods outside Sarikamish were collected, which signaled the end of fighting on this front. The Russian right wing cleared the Choruk Valley. Enver's project ended in failure after three weeks of struggle amid high mountains and deep snowdrifts. For a time, at least, Russia was secure from attack in the Caucasus. Hafız Hakkı expected that the Russians would use this success to capture the Erzurum Fortress. The 3rd Army immediately tried to take measures, but this proved to be nearly impossible as all the local reserves were depleted.
⇒1月17日、オスマン軍団の生き残りがサリカミッシュ郊外の森に集められたが、それはこの前線における最後の戦闘の発信であった。ロシア軍の右翼がチョルク渓谷を一掃した。エンベルの計画は、高山と深い雪の吹きだまりの中で、3週間の闘争を経て失敗に終わった。少なくともしばらくの間、ロシア軍はコーカサスでの攻撃からは安全となった。ハフィズ・ハッキは、ロシア軍がこの成功を利用してエルズルム要塞を占領するだろうと予想した。第3方面軍はすぐに対策を講じようとしたが、この地域の予備軍が枯渇したため、これはほぼ不可能となった。
＞On February 12, Hafız Hakkı died of typhus at the age of 36. Otto Liman von Sanders, who had been asked before, rejected the position again. Mahmut Kamil took the command of the Army. War minister Enver never commanded troops in battle again. A German officer attached to the army wrote later, the Ottoman 3rd army had "suffered a disaster which for rapidity and completeness is without parallel in military history."
⇒2月12日、ハフィズ・ハッキは36歳にしてチフスで亡くなった。以前から求められていたオットー・リーマン・フォン・サンデルスは、再びその（ハッキの）立場を拒絶した。（代りに）マームト・カミルが方面軍の指揮をとった。（しかし）エンベル戦争大臣は、二度と軍隊に戦闘を命じなかった。方面軍に所属していたドイツ軍将校が後でこう書いている。オスマン第3方面軍は、「軍事史において並ぶもののない迅速さと完全さのために災害を被った」と。
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