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質問

Hasan İzzet was not in favor of an offensive action in the harsh winter conditions. He was planning to remain in a defensive posture by pulling the Russians to Erzurum Fortress and launching a counterattack. Hafız Hakkı was sent to replace the commander of X Corps to energize the 3rd Army. Enver released Hasan İzzet from command on December 14. İzzet told Enver:
We have to consider 8 or 9 days for a large scaled encircling manoeuvre. However, during this time the XI Corps, which will remain at the front, might be jeopardized. Even if we execute the manoeuvre with two corps, they will probably face difficulties against the enemy.
Enver wanted his plan executed through a winter offensive, and decided to take charge. He left Istanbul with General Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf and the head of the Operations Office Lieutenant Colonel Otto von Feldmann. They arrived in Erzurum on December 21. Senior Turkish commanders opposed the forced resignation of Hasan İzzet due to his rejection of the plan. The war zone was nearly 1,250–1,500 kilometers (776–932 miles) wide from the Black Sea to Lake Van, which made military concentration difficult. The operation was executed at a plateau averaging 1,500–2,000 meters (5,000–6,500 feet) above sea level. The main difficulty with the region was the roads, with the transportation infrastructure on the Ottoman side far from adequate. Russia's main advantage was the Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line and a terminal at Sarikamish. The railway was 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the border. The only way for an army to get through the Caucasian heights was the high mountain passes in which lay the cities Kars and Sarikamish. Beyond, the upper valleys of the Aras River and Euphrates extended westward. Everywhere else the roads were mere tracks which were impenetrable to artillery. The forces were concentrated about 80 kilometres (50 mi) on each side of the border at the fortresses of Kars on the Russian side and Erzurum on the Ottoman side.
The 3rd Army, under the command of Enver, was composed of the IX, X and XI Corps. 3rd Army's headquarters and the IX Corps were located in Erzurum. The X Corps was stationed in Sivas, and the XI Corps was in Elazığ (Mamuretülaziz). A detachment unit under the command of the German Lieutenant Colonel Stange was established from the 3rd Infantry Division, originally stationed in Thrace, to reinforce the offense and pin down the Russians. This detachment unit, known as Stanke Bey, consisted of two battalions of the 8th Infantry Regiment and two artillery batteries. The fighting power of 83,000 regular troops, reserves, and personnel from the Erzurum Fortress totalled 118,000.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞Hasan İzzet was not in favor of an offensive action in the harsh winter conditions. He was planning to remain in a defensive posture by pulling the Russians to Erzurum Fortress and launching a counterattack. Hafız Hakkı was sent to replace the commander of X Corps to energize the 3rd Army. Enver released Hasan İzzet from command on December 14. İzzet told Enver:
　We have to consider 8 or 9 days for a large scaled encircling manoeuvre. However, during this time the XI Corps, which will remain at the front, might be jeopardized. Even if we execute the manoeuvre with two corps, they will probably face difficulties against the enemy.
⇒ハサン・イゼットは、厳しい冬の条件下での攻撃には賛同しかねていた。彼はロシア軍をエルズルム要塞に引き寄せて反撃を開始することによって守備体制の維持を計画していた。第3方面軍を活性化させるために、第X軍団指揮官の交代要員としてハフィズ・ハッキ（大佐）が派遣された。エンベルは12月14日にハサン・イゼットの指揮官役を解いた。イゼットはエンベルにこう語った。
　我々は大規模な包囲機動作戦のために8日か9日を考慮しなければならない。しかし、この間、前線に残る第XI軍団は危険に晒されるかもしれない。我々が2個軍団をもって作戦を実行したとしても、おそらく敵と対峙すれば困難と直面する（手こずる）だろう。

＞Enver wanted his plan executed through a winter offensive, and decided to take charge. He left Istanbul with General Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf and the head of the Operations Office Lieutenant Colonel Otto von Feldmann. They arrived in Erzurum on December 21. Senior Turkish commanders opposed the forced resignation of Hasan İzzet due to his rejection of the plan. The war zone was nearly 1,250–1,500 kilometers (776–932 miles) wide from the Black Sea to Lake Van, which made military concentration difficult. The operation was executed at a plateau averaging 1,500–2,000 meters (5,000–6,500 feet) above sea level. The main difficulty with the region was the roads, with the transportation infrastructure on the Ottoman side far from adequate.
⇒エンベルは冬の攻撃による計画実行を望んで、その責任を引き受けることにした。彼はフリッツ・ブロンサルト・フォン・シェレンドルフ将軍、および作戦本部の首脳オットー・フォン・フェルドマン中佐とともにイスタンブールを発った。彼らは12月21日にエルズルムに到着した。トルコの上級司令官は、計画を拒絶するためにハサン・イゼットの強制的な辞任に反対した。黒海からヴァン湖までの戦争地帯の幅が1,250－1,500キロ（776－932マイル）近くであったため、軍の集結は困難であった。この作戦行動は、平均標高1,500～2,000メートル（5,000～6,500フィート）の高原で行われた。この地域のおもな困難は道路にあり、オスマン帝国側の交通インフラは不十分この上なかった。

＞Russia's main advantage was the Kars Gyumri Akhalkalaki railway line and a terminal at Sarikamish. The railway was 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the border. The only way for an army to get through the Caucasian heights was the high mountain passes in which lay the cities Kars and Sarikamish. Beyond, the upper valleys of the Aras River and Euphrates extended westward. Everywhere else the roads were mere tracks which were impenetrable to artillery. The forces were concentrated about 80 kilometres (50 mi) on each side of the border at the fortresses of Kars on the Russian side and Erzurum on the Ottoman side.
⇒ロシアの最大の利点は、カルス・ギュムリ・アハルカラキ鉄道とサリカミッシュのターミナル（の掌握）であった。鉄道は国境から24キロ（15マイル）のところにあった。軍隊がコーカサス高地を通過するための唯一の方法は、カルス市とサリカミッシュ市が位置する高山通路によるほかはなかった。それを超えてアラス川とユーフラテス川上流の渓谷が西に伸びていた。それ以外の場所は、砲兵隊にとっては、侵入・通過のできない山道であった。軍団はロシア側のカルス要塞と、そこから国境を越えて約80キロ（50マイル）離れたオスマン帝国のエルズルム要塞とに（分かれて）集結した。

＞The 3rd Army, under the command of Enver, was composed of the IX, X and XI Corps. 3rd Army's headquarters and the IX Corps were located in Erzurum. The X Corps was stationed in Sivas, and the XI Corps was in Elazığ (Mamuretülaziz). A detachment unit under the command of the German Lieutenant Colonel Stange was established from the 3rd Infantry Division, originally stationed in Thrace, to reinforce the offense and pin down the Russians. This detachment unit, known as Stanke Bey, consisted of two battalions of the 8th Infantry Regiment and two artillery batteries. The fighting power of 83,000 regular troops, reserves, and personnel from the Erzurum Fortress totalled 118,000.
⇒エンベル指揮下の第3方面軍は、第IX、第Xおよび第XI軍団で構成されていた。第3方面軍の本部と第9軍団とはエルズルムに駐在していた。第X軍団はシバスに配備され、第XI軍団はエラジグ（マムレチュラジズ）にあった。ドイツ軍のスタンゲ中佐指揮下の分遣隊は、ロシア軍を釘付けさせるために、もともとトラキアに駐留していた第3歩兵師団から設立された。スタンケ・ベイとして知られるこの分遣隊は、第8歩兵連隊の2個大隊と2個砲兵隊で構成されていた。戦闘力は、83,000人の正規軍、予備軍、および合計118,000人のエルズルム要塞から来た兵員らであった。

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