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質問

On 28 June 1914 the Bosnian-Serb Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in the name of Serbian nationalism. This caused a diplomatic crisis, resulting in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and sparking the First World War. Due to a variety of reasons, within weeks the major powers of Europe—divided into two alliances known as the Central Powers and the Triple Entente—went to war. As the conflict progressed, additional countries from around the globe became drawn into the conflict on both sides. Fighting would rage across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia for the next four years. In 1917, two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire, which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin.

Main articles: American entry into World War I and Fourteen Points
On 6 April 1917, the United States entered the war against the Central Powers. The motives were twofold: German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain, which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives; and the interception of the German Zimmerman Telegram, urging for Mexico to declare war against the United States. The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies. The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions.
On 8 January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination. It also called for a diplomatic end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states. Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor Edward M. House, into the topics likely to arise in the expected peace conference.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞On 28 June 1914 the Bosnian-Serb Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in the name of Serbian nationalism. This caused a diplomatic crisis, resulting in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and sparking the First World War. Due to a variety of reasons, within weeks the major powers of Europe—divided into two alliances known as the Central Powers and the Triple Entente—went to war. As the conflict progressed, additional countries from around the globe became drawn into the conflict on both sides. Fighting would rage across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia for the next four years. In 1917, two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire, which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin.
⇒1914年6月28日、ボスニア‐セルビアのガブリロ・プリンシプは、セルビア国家主義の名において、オーストリア‐ハンガリーの王座、フランツ・フェルディナンド大公を暗殺した。これが外交的危機を引き起こし、オーストリア‐ハンガリーは対セルビア戦争を宣言し、第一次世界大戦の口火を切った。いろいろな理由により、数週間でヨーロッパの大国列強 ―中央同盟国と３大協商国として知られる２つの同盟群に分かれた― が戦争を交えるに至った。紛争が進行するにつれて、世界中の他の国々が両国の紛争に巻き込まれ、参戦した。その後4年間、ヨーロッパ、中東、アフリカ、アジアで戦いが激化することになった。1917年には、ロシア帝国内で2つの革命が起こり、帝国政府の崩壊とウラジミール・レーニンが率いるボルシェビキ党の誕生につながった。

＞Main articles: American entry into World War I and Fourteen Points
　On 6 April 1917, the United States entered the war against the Central Powers. The motives were twofold: German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain, which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives; and the interception of the German Zimmerman Telegram, urging for Mexico to declare war against the United States. The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies. The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions.
⇒主要記事：米国の第一次世界大戦参入と「14か条」
　1917年4月6日、米国は中央同盟国との戦いに参戦した。その動機は2つあった。すなわち、仏英商船に対するドイツ海軍の仕かけた戦闘によりRMS（英国郵船）ルシタニア号が沈没して128人の米国人の命が奪われたこと、およびメキシコに米国との戦争を宣言するよう求めるドイツ軍ジンマーマンの電報を傍受したことである。米国の戦争目的は、ボルシェビキが連合国間の秘密条約を公開した後、国家主義的な紛争や野心から戦争を分離することであった。これら条約の存在によって、ドイツが積極的な野心を持つ唯一の勢力であるという連合国の主張の信憑性疑わせる傾向が生じた。

＞On 8 January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination. It also called for a diplomatic end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states.
⇒1918年1月8日、米国のウッドロー・ウィルソン大統領が１つの声明を発表し、「14か条」という名で知られることになった。この演説において彼は、自由貿易、開示的合意、民主主義、自決という政策について概説した。それはまた、戦争の外交的終結、国際的な軍縮、中央同盟国の占領地からの撤退、ポーランド国家の創設、民族的境界線に沿ったヨーロッパ国境の再描画、あらゆる国の政治的独立性と領土の統合性を保証する「国家リーグ」（国連）の形成を要求した。

＞Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor Edward M. House, into the topics likely to arise in the expected peace conference.
⇒ウィルソン大統領の談話はまた、1917年11月のウラジミール・レーニン大統領の「平和政令」にも応答を呼び起し、それによって彼レーニンは、戦争からのロシア軍の即時撤退を提案し、領土併合による妥協を許さない公正かつ民主的な平和を求めた。「14か条」は、外交政策顧問のエドワード・M.ハウス率いる約150人の顧問団が行った、予想される平和会議で起こりそうな話題の調査「照会調査研究」に基づいて（考案されて）いる。

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