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質問

There was a general disappointment in Italy, which the nationalist and fascist parties used to build the idea that Italy was betrayed by the Allies and refused what was due (Mutilated victory). This led to the general rise of Italian fascism.

Prior to Wilson's arrival in Europe in December 1918, no American president had ever visited Europe while in office. Wilson's Fourteen Points, of a year earlier, had helped win the hearts and minds of many as the war ended; these included Americans and Europeans generally, as well as Germany, its allies and the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire specifically.
Wilson's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it was his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations. High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the post-war era. In doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the foreign policy of the United States toward interventionism, a move strongly resisted in some domestic circles. Once Wilson arrived, however, he found "rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged". He worked mostly trying to sway the direction that the French (Georges Clemenceau) and British (Lloyd George) delegations were taking towards Germany and its allies in Europe, as well as the former Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Wilson's attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed, after France and Britain refused to adopt some specific points and its core principles.
In Europe, several of his Fourteen Points conflicted with the other powers. The United States did not encourage or believe that the responsibility for the war that Article 231 placed on Germany was fair or warranted. It would not be until 1921 that the United States finally signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.In the Middle East, negotiations were complicated by competing aims, claims, and the new mandate system. The United States hoped to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world, as stated in the Fourteen Points, where democracy, sovereignty, liberty and self-determination would be respected. France and Britain, on the other hand, already controlled empires, wielded power over their subjects around the world and still aspired to be dominant colonial powers.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞There was a general disappointment in Italy, which the nationalist and fascist parties used to build the idea that Italy was betrayed by the Allies and refused what was due (Mutilated victory). This led to the general rise of Italian fascism.
　Prior to Wilson's arrival in Europe in December 1918, no American president had ever visited Europe while in office. Wilson's Fourteen Points, of a year earlier, had helped win the hearts and minds of many as the war ended; these included Americans and Europeans generally, as well as Germany, its allies and the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire specifically.
⇒イタリアには一般的な失望があったが、ナショナリスト（国粋主義者）とファシスト（全体主義者）の党派はこれをイタリアが連合国に裏切られ、当然受けるべきものを拒否されたという考えを築き上げることに利用した。これはイタリアファシズムの一般的な上昇（気運）につながった。
　1918年12月、ウィルソンがヨーロッパに到着するが、それ以前には就任中にヨーロッパを訪れたアメリカ大統領はいなかった。1年前のウィルソンの「14か条」は、戦争が終ったときに多くの人々の心と精神をつかむ（説得する）のに与って力となった。これら（条項）には、一般的にアメリカ、ヨーロッパとともに、ドイツ、その同盟国、および、とりわけ以前のオスマン帝国の主権問題が含まれていた。

＞Wilson's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it was his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations. High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the post-war era. In doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the foreign policy of the United States toward interventionism, a move strongly resisted in some domestic circles.
⇒ウィルソンの外交と彼の「14か条」は、第一次世界大戦を終結させた休戦の条件を本質的に確立した。ウィルソンは、平和交渉において顕著な（働きの）人物であることが世界の人々に対する自分の義務であると感じていた。戦後時代に向けて約束したことを届けるという期待が彼に寄せられた。そうすることで、ウィルソンは最終的に米国の外交政策を介入調停主義に向けて導き始めた。これは一国内の一部集団には強く抵抗する動きであった。

＞Once Wilson arrived, however, he found "rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged". He worked mostly trying to sway the direction that the French (Georges Clemenceau) and British (Lloyd George) delegations were taking towards Germany and its allies in Europe, as well as the former Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Wilson's attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed, after France and Britain refused to adopt some specific points and its core principles.
⇒しかし、ウィルソンが到着してみると、「争奪競争や前もって水面下に潜む相反する主張」に気づかされた。彼はおもに、フランス（ジョルジュ・クレマンソー）と英国（ロイド=ジョージ）の代表団がヨーロッパのドイツとその同盟国、および中東の旧オスマン帝国の土地に目を向けているという方向性を揺るがす（逸らす）ように努めた。（しかし）ウィルソンは、フランスと英国に具体的な条項とその基本原則の採用を数項目拒否されたことで、「14か条」の受諾を得ようとする試みは、最終的に失敗した。

＞In Europe, several of his Fourteen Points conflicted with the other powers. The United States did not encourage or believe that the responsibility for the war that Article 231 placed on Germany was fair or warranted. It would not be until 1921 that the United States finally signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.In the Middle East, negotiations were complicated by competing aims, claims, and the new mandate system. The United States hoped to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world, as stated in the Fourteen Points, where democracy, sovereignty, liberty and self-determination would be respected. France and Britain, on the other hand, already controlled empires, wielded power over their subjects around the world and still aspired to be dominant colonial powers.
⇒ヨーロッパ（問題）では、彼の「14か条」のいくつかは他の勢力と競合していた。米国は、第231条がドイツに帰した戦争責任が公正ないし正当であると信じたり奨励したりはしなかった。米国はドイツ、オーストリア、およびハンガリーとの間で別々の平和条約を締結するが、それは1921年までは成立しなかった。中東（問題）では、競合する目標、主張、新しい委任統治制度などの問題によって交渉が複雑になった。民主主義、主権、自由、自己決定を尊重することが「14か条」で述べられているが、米国はそれに沿ってより自由な外交世界を確立することを望んでいた。一方、フランスと英国はすでに帝国を統制しており、世界各国の主権に対する権力を行使し、依然として植民地支配勢力であることを求めていた。

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