アイルランドの税制改革について
- アイルランドでは、広範囲に渡る税制改革の中で、家計の所得に対する累進税率の引き下げが行われました。1984-1985年には最高税率が65％まで上昇していましたが、これが56％まで引き下げられました。また、基準税率も35％から32％に引き下げられました。これらの減税は、基準控除の増加とともに行われました。
- アイルランドの税制は非常に累進的であるため、これらの減税は所得の低い層にも波及しました。
- また、法人税率も47％から43％に引き下げられました。
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A cornerstone of a broad tax reform was a cut in marginal tax rates on the income of households. The top rate which was as high as 65 percent in 1984-85 was reduced to 56 percent, but also the standard rate was cut from 35 percent to 32 percent. These cuts were accompanied by an increase in standard allowances. The Irish tax system is quite progressive, therefore these tax cuts reached very low in the income ladder. The corporate income tax was also reduced from 47 to 43 percent. ※a broad tax reform ＝広範囲に渡る税制改革 The Irish tax system ＝アイルランドの税制システム
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広範囲に渡る税制改革の基盤は世帯収入の限界税率の引き下げでした。 1984年～85年に65％もの高さになっていた最高税率が56％に引き下げられただけでなく、標準税率もまた35％から32％に引き下げられました。これらの引き下げは標準手当増加と同時に行われました。 アイルランドの税制システムは完全に累進的で、それゆえにこれらの減税は所得段階においては非常に影響は低いものでした。 法人税もまた47％から43％に引き下げられました。
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- 税務の関係の英語の和訳
次の<>でくくった税務関連の英語は通常何と訳されているか、ご教示ください. ＜One-tier corporate tax system＞ 例文： Shift to a one-tier corporate tax system (where tax collected from corporate profits is final and dividends are exempt, from a full-imputation system from YA 2003. ＜top marginal personal income tax rate＞ 例文： Personal income taxes to be reduced for income earned in 2002 to 22% and subsequently to 20% within 3 years, from the top marginal personal income tax rate of 26%.
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A high-tech granny used to be an oxymoron. But in Japan, a growing number of elderly are learning to use the Internet. "I turn on my compter the first thing in the morning. It's a pleasure to see the e-mail that came overnight," says Roko Shinohara, who is a member of the Computer Grannies Society, started in 1997 to encourage a new breed of Net-savvy elderly. The group, which accepts men as well, has members all across Japan. Most of them are in their 70s. The oldest member is a 97-year-old woman who lives alone in Kyoto. The members exchange messages and photos, and show each other their creative work―paintings, novels, poems and music. They organize tours of big electronics stores. They also shop online. "Bookstores are becoming bigger these days and it's hard to find a book I want," Kikue Kamata says. "It's quite easy online." Kayoko Okawa, 77, who founded the group, remembers how things have changed over the past decade. "Computers for old women? No way!" was the initial reaction Okawa met when she was trying to start the group. "No companies wanted to lend me computers," she recalls. But according to recent data, nearly half of Japanese in their late 60s are now online. The number of people between 70 and 79 who used the internet jumped from 15.4 percent to 32.3 percent over two years through 2006. Above the age of 80, the percentage went up from 6.9 percent to 16 percent. The hardest thing for Okawa is to drop deceased members from her mailing list. "I know it's impossible to get anything from her once she passed away. But I can't help thinking to myself,'Just maybe...,' " she said. Okawa has been contacted by the children of deceased members, who had no idea that their mothers knew how to use a computer. A son once sent an e-mail to Okawa that said:"I realized my mother had these joyful, bright days in her last years of life. I'm glad to know that." よろしくお願いします。
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Here are two examples of the ESCO strategy: This is a city hall. The ESCO has made changes in the lighting system of the building, which includes over 1,200 lights. It has also introduced a new power system, and put in various sensors. These changes succeeded in reducing energy consumption by 20 percent. This example shows a hospital. Since hospitals use a lot of water and heat, the water system was improved and a new heat system was installed. The lighting system was also made more efficient. The hospital now uses about 25 percent less energy.
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'Unequal' US sees Occupy Wall Street clashes. After clashes in Oakland on Tuesday that left an Iraq war veteran in a critical condition, Mayor Jean Quan held a press conference on Wednesday to announce that the plaza would be open to protesting but not to camping. Many Occupy Wall Street protesters say they are making a stand against corporate greed and income inequality in the US. After tax income increased by 275% for the wealthiest 1% of Americans but by just 18% for the poorest 20%, the report said. In addition, the report revealed that in 2005-2007, the years immediately preceding the financial crisis, the top 20% of the population earned more after-tax income than the entire bottom 80%. Democratic House Representative Sander Levin said the findings confirm what Americans already knew. "The rules have been changed by the unfair tax policies of the last decade and our tax code is doing less to level the playing field than it was in the past." The poll, conducted by the New York Times and CBS News, shows distrust of government is at its highest level ever. Almost half of those asked said they thought the sentiment behind the Occupy Wall Street protests reflected the views of most Americans. Some 28% of respondents believe the policies of President Barack Obama favour the rich, although a strong majority - 69% - said that was the effect of Republican policies.
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In a recent study, researchers collected current prices for the 300 most common pharmaceutical drugs from the leading wholesalers specializing in bulk sales. It was found that these prices average 60 to 80 percent below the suggested wholesale prices listed for the same drugs in the current annual edition of a widely used, independently published pharmaceutical price guidebook. 意味がよくとれなかったのですが上の文章は何かどこか矛盾しているのでしょうか？
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THE way that black holes bend light’s path through space cannot be smoothed out by human ingenuity. By contrast, a vast distortion in the world economy is wholly manmade. It is the subsidy that governments give to debt. Half the rich world’s governments allow their citizens to deduct the interest payments on mortgages from their taxable income; almost all countries allow firms to write off payments on their borrowing against taxable earnings. It sounds prosaic, but the cost—and the harm—is immense. In 2007, before the financial crisis led to the slashing of interest Tweet In this section The great distortion Be more libre Sweat the big stuff More hands to rock the cradle The hard journey Reprints Related topics United Kingdom United States Taxes Public finance rates, the annual value of the forgone tax revenues in Europe was around 3% of GDP—or $510 billion—and in America almost 5% of GDP—or $725 billion (see Briefing). That means governments on both sides of the Atlantic were spending more on cheapening the cost of debt than on defence. Even today, with interest rates close to zero, America’s debt subsidies cost the federal government over 2% of GDP—as much as it spends on all its policies to help the poor. This hardly begins to capture the full damage, which is aggravated by the behaviour the tax breaks encourage. People borrow more to buy property than they otherwise would, raising house prices and encouraging overinvestment in real estate instead of in assets that create wealth. The tax benefits are largely reaped by the rich, worsening inequality. Corporate financial decisions are motivated by maximising the tax relief on debt instead of the needs of the underlying business. Debt has many wonderful qualities—allowing firms to invest and individuals to benefit today from tomorrow’s income. But the tax subsidies have tilted the economy in a woeful direction. They have created a financial system that is prone to crises and biased against productive investment; they have reduced economic growth and worsened inequality. They are a manmade distortion and they need to be fixed.
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Robots aren't new to healthcare. For example, the da Vinci Surgical System surgical assistant was approved by the FDA back in 2000. Since then, the system has conducted more than 20,000 surgeries and has paved the way for robotic advancements in healthcare. Magnetic Microbots are a group of tiny robots used in various operations, such as removing plaque from a patient's arteries or helping disease screenings. Other robotic advancements are used to better the day-to-day lives of patients, helping them eat, like the Bestic Arm, or helping a patient regain her ability to walk, like many of Toyota's Healthcare Assistants. "In the next few years, thousands of 'service robots' are expected to enter the healthcare sector -- picture R2-D2 from Star Wars carrying a tray of medications or a load of laundry down hospital corridors," according to a recent article from The Wall Street Journal. "Fewer than 1,000 of these blue-collar robots currently roam about hospitals, but those numbers are expected to grow quickly." And that's no surprise considering the mounting financial difficulties the industry faces. Robots like the Aethon TUG can complete the work of three full-time employees, yet it "costs less than one full-time employee," according to the company. The TUG acts as a distribution system to move through hospital corridors, elevators and departments to make either scheduled or on-demand deliveries. Swisslog's RoboCourier, a similar delivery system, helps eliminate human work and completes tasks with the push of a button. "These service robots are self-aware, intelligent and able to navigate changing environments, even chaotic hospital settings," according to the WSJ. Outside the hospital setting, caregivers use robots to enhance telemedicine and care for those restricted to their homes. The Vasteras Giraff, for instance, is a two-way call system similar to Skype and is used by doctors to communicate with the elderly. A PC, camera and monitor control the robot.
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英文の和訳で困っています 和訳を教えていただきたいです よろしくお願いします！！ In fact, Moscow’s readiness to take part in negotiations in Western capitals was minimal, even though the events in the GDR before 17 June were seen to reflect completely the Soviet intention of pressing for a Four Power conference on the German question. The actual losers were the weakest element in the game: the Germans behind the Iron Curtain and all those who had hoped for the restoration of Germans unity. The planned summit of the Big Three in 1953 was reduced to a conference of the three Western foreign ministers. He had been convinced that the West could negotiate with the Soviets based on a ‘position of strength’ in order to ward off the danger of an nuclear war.
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Enver Pasha worried about the possible fall of Baghdad. He realized the mistake of underestimating the importance of the Mesopotamian campaign. He ordered the 35th Division and Mehmet Fazıl Pasha to return to their old location, which was Mosul. The 38th Division was reconstituted. The Sixth Army was created on 5 October 1915, and its commander was a 72-year-old German General Colmar von der Goltz. Von der Goltz was a famous military historian who had written several classic books on military operations. He had also spent many years working as a military adviser in the Ottoman Empire. However, he was in Thrace commanding the Ottoman First Army and would not reach the theater for some time. Colonel Nureddin the former commander of the Iraq Area Command was still in charge on the ground. On 22 November, Townshend and Nureddin fought a battle at Ctesiphon, a town 25 miles south of Baghdad. The conflict lasted five days. The battle was a stalemate as both the Ottomans and the British ended up retreating from the battlefield. Townshend concluded that a full scale retreat was necessary. However, Nureddin realized the British were retreating and cancelled his retreat, then followed the British. Townshend withdrew his division in good order back to Kut-al-Amara. He halted and fortified the position. Nureddin pursued with his forces. He tried to encircle the British with his XVIII Corps composed of the 45th Division, 51st Division and 2nd Tribal Cavalry Brigade. The exhausted and depleted British force was urged back to the defenses of Kut-al-Amara. The retreat finalized on 3 December. Nureddin encircled the British at Kut-al-Amara, and sent other forces down river to prevent the British from marching to the relief of the garrison.
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1,U.S. exports to china grew 20.5 percent from 2004 to2005 and are continuing to grow rapidly,with an increace of 36.5 percent during the first five months of this year,comrared to 2005. 2,the plane was making a right turn over Los Angels when it suddenly plunged nose-down from a height of 500 feet. 3,we are pleased to announce that we are taking part in the 36th hong kong international film festival running Ｍarch 21 through April5. 4,the instructor said," a participant who is continuously chatting with his or her neighbor can be extremely disruptive tovthe entire group."
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