Pharmaceutical Drug Prices: Surprising Findings
- A recent study reveals a surprising contradiction in pharmaceutical drug prices.
- Researchers found that the actual prices of the top 300 most common drugs are significantly lower than the suggested wholesale prices in a popular pharmaceutical price guidebook.
- This finding raises questions about the accuracy and reliability of the price information provided in the guidebook.
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In a recent study, researchers collected current prices for the 300 most common pharmaceutical drugs from the leading wholesalers specializing in bulk sales. It was found that these prices average 60 to 80 percent below the suggested wholesale prices listed for the same drugs in the current annual edition of a widely used, independently published pharmaceutical price guidebook. 意味がよくとれなかったのですが上の文章は何かどこか矛盾しているのでしょうか？
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「最近の調査において、調査員は300の最も一般的な医薬品の実勢の価格を、一括大量販売の卸売り業者から収集した。これらの価格は、独立して出版されている医薬品価格で広く参照されているガイドブックの今年度版に記載されている卸売希望価格に対し、同じ薬品でも平均してで60-80%下回っていることがわかった。」 矛盾していると言うことではないと思います。suggested priceは流通業界で良く使われる言葉で通常は「希望価格」のこと。希望小売価格と訳されることが多いのですが、この文章のテーマはwholesaleつまり卸売なので、「希望卸売価格」になるでしょう。国によって規制が違うでしょうが、先進国では商品の価格をメーカーが市場でコントロールしようとすることを禁じている場合が多く、しかしいくらで売りたいかを提示することはできますが、その価格をsuggested price と呼ぶことが多いです。メーカーは卸売業者に対して、お互いに取り決めた値段で商品を卸しますが、そこから先の価格（つまり卸売業者が小売店、消費者に販売する価格）もコントロールしたいものなのです。安売りされると結果として、市場での価値、ブランドが下がり、結果メーカーに値下げ要求が来るので。 ここで言っているガイドブックが、そのsuggested priceをどこから集めてきているかですがメーカー（つまり製薬会社）からだとすると、製薬会社の希望にも関わらず卸売業者が大幅に安売りを行っていると言うことで、矛盾ではないです。
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For a pharmaceutical agent to be effective in carrying out its selective action, the drug must be administered in an appopriate manner. Each route of drug administration has specific purposes, advantages, and disadvantages. With this method, drugs formulated in liquid or solid form are absoebed into the body from the gastrointestinal tract(GIT). This is the most commonly used route. Oral drugs are convenient --- portable, oainless, easy to take. Also, administration can be carried out by the patient him or heself. However, the onset of the drug's effect is relatively slow. In this case, the drug, usually in tablet form, is placed under the tongue. This produces a very fast onset of drug action because of the good blood supply to the area, but the duration of the drug's effect is usually short. This method can be used for patients who are unable to take drugs orally, or with younger children, elderly, or mentally disturbed patients. This route is usuful when a drug is known to cause GIT irritation. However, absorption is often incomplete and effectiveness is unpredictable.
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Approximately 42000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported in Japan in 1997. That marked the first increase in 38 years. Tuberculosis cannot be called a disease of the past any longer. Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial disease that usually affects the lungs. In many cases, the body's immune system destroys the bacteria before it does much damage: only a scar or spot is left on the lungs as evidence of the infection. Sometimes, however, the infection spreads and causes a variety of symptoms, including coughing, fatigue, fever, sweating at night, loss of appetite, and weight loss. The bacteria may also pass from the lungs through the lymphatic system to the bones and joints, kidneys, or brain and spinal cord. Occasionally, the bacteria remain dormant in the lungs for years, flaring up again to do further damage. Left untreated, tuberculosis may eventually cause death. A tuberculosis patient is usually treated with two to four antituberculous drugs. The reason multiple drugs are administered is that this helps overcome the danger that the bacteria may develop resistance to one of the drugs. The drugs act either by directly killing the bacteria or by preventing them from multiplying. Some antituberculous drugs may cause adverse side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Because of this, special care is needed when taking these drugs. Drug treatment normally continues until the symptoms have subsided and laboratory investigations such as sputum tests have shown the person to be clear of infection. The treatment usually takes a long time, sometimes more than a year. Conditions in Japan now suggest that the nation is at a critical point inits fight against tuberculosis. There has been a vast increase in the number of patients infected by multiple-drug-resistant strains. One reason for this is that many TB victims did not complete their treatment and, consequently, the bacteria that remained became resistant to current medications. Now, a great deal of research is under way to develop drugs effective against multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. It is hoped that the advent of such drugs will represent the final victory in the fight against this stubborn, troublesome disease.
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“Unlike previous investigations, we were able to assess association of consumption of caffeinated and non-caffeinated beverages, and we identify caffeine as the most likely candidate of any putative protective effect of coffee,” said lead researcher Michel Lucas, research fellow in the Department of Nutrition at HSPH. The authors reviewed data from three large U.S. studies and found that the risk of suicide for adults who drank two to four cups of caffeinated coffee per day was about half that of those who drank decaffeinated coffee or very little or no coffee. Caffeine not only stimulates the central nervous system but may act as a mild antidepressant by boosting production of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline. This could explain the lower risk of depression among coffee drinkers that had been found in past epidemiological studies, the researchers reported. In the new study, researchers examined data on 43,599 men enrolled in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) (1988–2008), 73,820 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1992–2008), and 91,005 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) (1993–2007). Caffeine, coffee, and decaffeinated coffee intake was assessed every four years by questionnaires. Caffeine consumption was calculated from coffee and other sources, including tea, caffeinated soft drinks, and chocolate. However, coffee was the major caffeine source — 80 percent for NHS, 71 percent for NHS II, and 79 percent for HPFS. Among the participants in the three studies, there were 277 deaths from suicide. In spite of the findings, the authors do not recommend that depressed adults increase caffeine consumption, because most individuals adjust their caffeine intake to an optimal level for them and an increase could result in unpleasant side effects. “Overall, our results suggest that there is little further benefit for consumption above two to three cups/day or 400 mg of caffeine/day,” the authors wrote. The researchers did not observe any major difference in risk between those who drank two to three cups of coffee per day and those who had four or more cups a day, most likely due to the small number of suicide cases in these categories. However, in a previous HSPH coffee-depression study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, the investigators observed a maximal effect among those who drank four or more cups per day. One large Finnish study showed a higher risk of suicide among people drinking eight or nine cups per day. Few participants in the two HSPH studies drank such large amounts of coffee, so the studies did not address the impact of six or more cups of coffee per day.
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The researchers also looked at the data according to gender. After the researchers accounted for age, race, socioeconomic factors (education and income) and stroke risk factors, the results revealed that men who exercised at least four times a week still had a lower risk of stroke than men who exercised one to three times per week. In contrast, there was no association between frequency of exercise and stroke risk among women in the study. However, there was a trend towards a similar reduction in stroke risk for those who exercised one to three times a week and four or more times a week compared to those who were inactive. “This could be related to differences in the type, duration, and intensity of physical activity between men and women,” said Dr. Howard. “This could also be due to differences in the perception of what is intense physical activity enough to work up a sweat.” The results should encourage doctors to stress the importance of exercise when speaking with their patients, Dr. Howard said. “Physical inactivity is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke. This should be emphasized in routine physician check-ups along with general education about the benefits of exercise on stroke risk factors including high blood pressure, diabetes and being overweight or obese,” she said. The study suggests that men should consider exercising at least four times a week. REGARDS will continue to assess stroke risk factors to look for long-term patterns in the study population. “Findings from this study, including the current physical activity results, will ultimately help us to identify potential targets for immediate intervention as well as for future clinical trials aimed at preventing stroke and its consequences,” said Dr. Moy.
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Some people mistakenly blame yet another factor: speculation. True, increased financial trading might make prices more volatile, though the evidence is weak. But trading cannot drive prices up in the long term since for every buy, there is a sell. That has not stopped Nicolas Sarkozy, the current head of the G20, from trying to persuade the world’s premier economic club to crack down on evil speculators. どなたかお願いしますm(__)m
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New research finds link between frequency of exercise and stroke risk Here’s yet another reason to get off the couch: new research findings suggest that regularly breaking a sweat may lower the risk of having a stroke. A stroke can occur when a blood vessel in the brain gets blocked. As a result, nearby brain cells will die after not getting enough oxygen and other nutrients. A number of risk factors for stroke have been identified, including smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and being inactive. For this study, published in the journal Stroke, Michelle N. McDonnell, Ph.D., from the University of South Australia, Adelaide and her colleagues obtained data from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. REGARDS is a large, long-term study funded by the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) to look at the reasons behind the higher rates of stroke mortality among African-Americans and other residents living in the Southeastern United States. “Epidemiological studies such as REGARDS provide an important opportunity to explore race, genetics, environmental, and lifestyle choices as stroke risk factors,” said Claudia Moy, Ph.D., program director at NINDS. Over 30,000 participants supplied their medical history over the phone. The researchers also visited them to obtain health measures such as body mass index and blood pressure. At the beginning of the study, the researchers asked participants how many times per week they exercised vigorously enough to work up a sweat. The researchers contacted participants every six months to see if they had experienced a stroke or a mini-stroke known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). To confirm their responses, the researchers reviewed participants’ medical records. The researchers reported data for over 27,000 participants who were stroke-free at the start of the study and followed for an average of 5.7 years. One-third of participants reported exercising less than once a week. Study subjects who were inactive were 20 percent more likely to experience a stroke or TIA than participants who exercised four or more times a week. The findings revealed that regular, moderately vigorous exercise, enough to break a sweat, was linked to reduced risk of stroke. Part of the protective effect was due to lower rates of known stroke risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking. “Our results confirm other research findings but our study has the distinct advantage of including larger numbers, especially larger numbers of women as well as blacks, in a national population sample so these provide somewhat more generalizable results than other studies,” said Virginia Howard, Ph.D., senior author of the study from the School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
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大学の予習で英文を訳さなくてはいけないんですが、わかりません・・・ 英語わかる方よろしくお願いします。 We are hooked.We are pill-popping people, gobbling down antidepressants, painkillers and antibiotics as if they were sweets. As with gun crime or obesity,we are follow-ing where the Americans have led. Last week Health Ledger ,the actor dead at 28,because the symbol of a new culture of pharmaceutical recreation.He accidentally poisoned himself with "anti-anxiety medication". You could indeed hardly make it up. But the real problem is not one of the affluent or the famous. It is the routine use of legal drugs that should really alarm us --- cases like the one reported recently of a woman from Lancashire who was taking up to 64 Nurofen Plus tablets a day, a habit that killed her. the ploblem is just as sserious with prescription drugs. A commons committee has attacked GPs for overprescribing,ignoring advice about how long the strongest tranquillisers should be used for. Apparently the Home Office blames these drugs,benzodiszepines for up to 17000 deaths since they were introduced in the 60s. 見にくくてすいません。よろしくお願いします。
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Field work, or the collection of data, can be a very exciting part of a researcher’s career. At the same time, field work can be very tedious because doing it properly requires a lot of patience. A sociologist may go to a workplace and spend all day observing how the people there act, or may interview hundreds of people as part of a survey. In marine biology, field work may consist of going out on the ocean to capture, tag, and release animals. An archaeologist might supervise a dig, where ancient objects are unearthed, classified, and archived. As the above suggests, field work takes a lot of planning and organization. Also, it is important to follow routine procedures to make sure that the data are collected properly. Sometimes, however, a great discovery is made, and the atmosphere at the site becomes electric. For example, it must have been incredibly exciting for Gen Suwa to find the first specimen of A. ramidus, but then two years of painstaking work was needed to find enough fossils to construct the skeleton. Both sides of field work are necessary. The exciting discoveries show the researchers that they are on the right track, and the routine procedures support the validity of the newly-made discoveries.
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Understanding Animal Research (the successor organization to the Research Defence Society, a group mentioned in the article) is dedicated to educating the public about animal research policies and procedures. Animal rights activists are represented by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), a group who states that it “focuses its attention on the four areas in which the largest numbers of animals suffer the most intensely for the longest periods of time : on factory farms, in laboratories, in the clothing trade, and in the entertainment industry.” Another group, the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME), states its mission as “the total elimination of the need for any laboratory animal procedures, through the development, validation, and acceptance of replacement alternative methods.” Debate between public organizations such as those listed above has reduced the use of animals in experiments, led to refinements in procedures, and may well lead to the total replacement of animal models. Some extremists on the animal rights side, unfortunately, are not patient enough to work through this process. They “liberate” animals from research facilities, destroy labs and records, burn down houses of researchers and pharmaceutical company executives, and threaten further violence. The level of violence on the European continent increased in the first decade of the 21st century, and it is not clear if a crackdown on animal rights extremists in the UK contributed to this increase. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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仕事の取引先から会社に連絡がありました。どうやら本社に来てください！ってメールなんですがちょっと大事なメールですので正確な意味が知りたいです。すみませんが意味を教えてくれませんか？お願いします。 We’re having our 2nd Annual AAA Distributor’s Conference next month. Since you showed interest, we’re extending this invite to you, so if you’re still interested in becoming a distributor for Japan this will be a good time to discuss all matters. This meeting will take place here at our corporate office in Los Angeles, you will need plan for two days for the week of October 6~10th but preferably October 7th, if possible. All AAA distributors will be coming in this week to discuss the current/future of AAA and address all questions that you may have with our CEO and upper management. For this conference we will be extending your accommodations for 2 night stay at a hotel nearby our corporate office so please let me know if you’re interested and I will arrange the details with you. Thanks and look forward to hear from you.
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なるほど。。特に矛盾はなく説明文なだけだったのですね。価格の違いの説明の方もありがとうございました！