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質問

During the fighting at Bita Paka, seven Australians were killed and five wounded, while casualties among the defenders included one German and about 30 Melanesians killed, and one German and 10 Melanesians wounded; 19 Germans and 56 Melanesians were captured. Later it was alleged that the heavy losses among the Melanesian troops were the result of the Australians bayoneting a number that they had captured. While the casualties suffered by the Australians were light in the context of later operations, they were disproportionately heavy given the modest territorial and strategic gains and were further compounded by the disappearance of the submarine AE1 during a patrol off Rabaul on 14 September, with all 35 men aboard. After their defeat, the remaining German forces and the civil administration withdrew 19 miles (31 km) inland to Toma, believing they would have time to regroup before the Australians arrived.
The German governor—Eduard Haber—continued to hold out for several days, hoping that the German East Asiatic Squadron would arrive to relieve them. Unknown to the Germans, however, an Australian advanced party consisting of a half-battalion of 200 men and a 12-pounder naval field-gun had followed them, moving along the Toma road. The Australians surrounded the town and proceeded to bombard it; meanwhile HMAS Encounter arrived on station and fired several shells at a ridge nearby. This show of firepower scattered the Melanesian police and was sufficient to start negotiations, with Toma subsequently occupied. Haber visited Holmes in Herbertshöhe on 15 September, signing terms two days later. All military resistance subsequently ceased and the remaining 40 German soldiers and 110 Melanesians surrendered on 21 September, leaving no effective opposition to the Australian occupation of the territory. The German colony at Madang on Kaiser-Wilhelmsland (the New Guinea mainland) was occupied on 24 September, although the German armed merchant raider SMS Cormoran—which was lurking nearby—escaped undetected. Over the next two months the remaining outposts were also occupied. Meanwhile, the German East Asiatic Squadron steamed across the Pacific before surprising and sinking a British force off Coronel on 1 November. After rounding Cape Horn into the Atlantic and attempting a raid on the Stanley naval station, the squadron was itself destroyed by a more powerful British force during the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8 December 1914. Later it was alleged that widespread looting and destruction of civilian property by Australian troops occurred during this period.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞During the fighting at Bita Paka, seven Australians were killed and five wounded, while casualties among the defenders included one German and about 30 Melanesians killed, and one German and 10 Melanesians wounded; 19 Germans and 56 Melanesians were captured. Later it was alleged that the heavy losses among the Melanesian troops were the result of the Australians bayoneting a number that they had captured.
⇒ビタ・パカでの戦闘中に、オーストラリア兵が7人殺され、5人が負傷した一方、守備隊間の死亡者はドイツ兵1人とメラネシア人約30人、負傷者はドイツ兵1人とメラネシア人10人であった。ドイツ兵19人とメラネシア人56人が捕縛された。後になって、メラネシア軍の間での大きな損失は、オーストラリア軍が捕縛した人を銃殺した結果の数によるという主張がなされた。

＞While the casualties suffered by the Australians were light in the context of later operations, they were disproportionately heavy given the modest territorial and strategic gains and were further compounded by the disappearance of the submarine AE1 during a patrol off Rabaul on 14 September, with all 35 men aboard. After their defeat, the remaining German forces and the civil administration withdrew 19 miles (31 km) inland to Toma, believing they would have time to regroup before the Australians arrived.
⇒後半の作戦でオーストラリア軍が被った犠牲者は軽いものだったが、穏やかな領土上での戦略的利得に照らして考えれば非常に重く、9月14日のラバウル沖での巡視中の潜水艦AE1号と乗組員35人の消失によってさらに悪化した。敗北の後、残りのドイツ軍と市民政権は、オーストラリア軍が到着する前に再編成する時間があるだろうと信じて、19マイル（31キロ）内陸のトーマに退去した。

＞The German governor—Eduard Haber—continued to hold out for several days, hoping that the German East Asiatic Squadron would arrive to relieve them. Unknown to the Germans, however, an Australian advanced party consisting of a half-battalion of 200 men and a 12-pounder naval field-gun had followed them, moving along the Toma road. The Australians surrounded the town and proceeded to bombard it; meanwhile HMAS Encounter arrived on station and fired several shells at a ridge nearby.
⇒ドイツの知事－エドワルド・ハーベル‐は、数日間持ちこたえながらドイツ軍東アジア戦隊が救援に到着することを期待していた。しかし、ドイツ軍には知られていなかったが、200人のオーストラリア軍の先発隊がビタ・パカから彼らを追って町を囲み、12型ポンド野戦砲でそれを砲撃し始めた。一方、HMAS（オーストラリア軍艦）エンカウンター号が駐屯地に到着し、近くの尾根で数発の砲弾を発射した。

＞This show of firepower scattered the Melanesian police and was sufficient to start negotiations, with Toma subsequently occupied. Haber visited Holmes in Herbertshöhe on 15 September, signing terms two days later. All military resistance subsequently ceased and the remaining 40 German soldiers and 110 Melanesians surrendered on 21 September, leaving no effective opposition to the Australian occupation of the territory. The German colony at Madang on Kaiser-Wilhelmsland (the New Guinea mainland) was occupied on 24 September, although the German armed merchant raider SMS Cormoran—which was lurking nearby—escaped undetected.
⇒この火力の誇示はメラネシア警察を霧散させ、その後トーマの占領もあって、交渉を始めるのに十分であった。ハーベルは9月15日にヘルベルトショーヘのホームズを訪問し、2日後に契約書に署名した。その後9月21日に軍事的抵抗はすべて消滅し、生き残りのドイツ軍兵士40人とメラネシア兵110人が降伏し、オーストラリア軍の領土占領に対する反抗はなかった。カイザー・ヴィルヘルムランド（ニューギニア本土）のマダンにあるドイツ植民地は9月24日に占領されたが、近くに潜んでいたドイツの武装商船であるSMS コルモラン号は検知されないまま脱出した。

＞Over the next two months the remaining outposts were also occupied. Meanwhile, the German East Asiatic Squadron steamed across the Pacific before surprising and sinking a British force off Coronel on 1 November. After rounding Cape Horn into the Atlantic and attempting a raid on the Stanley naval station, the squadron was itself destroyed by a more powerful British force during the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8 December 1914. Later it was alleged that widespread looting and destruction of civilian property by Australian troops occurred during this period.
⇒続く2か月間で残りの前哨基地も占領された。その間、ドイツ軍東アジア艦隊は太平洋を横切って11月1日にコロネル沖で英国軍団を急襲し、沈没させた。ケープホーンを回って大西洋に入り、スタンレー海軍基地で襲撃を試みた後、1914年12月8日、「フォークランド諸島の戦い」の間に戦隊自体がより強力な英国軍団によって破壊された。この期間にオーストラリア軍隊による民間所有財の略奪と破壊が広範囲にわたって起こったことがその後に言い立てられた。

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