Historic Battle in Tsingtao: Japanese vs German Navy

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  • On September 2, 1914, the German gunboat Jaguar sank the Japanese destroyer Shirotaye, marking the start of a series of naval battles.
  • The first air-sea battle in history occurred on September 6, when a Farman seaplane unsuccessfully attacked the German ships in Qiaozhou Bay with bombs.
  • After a prolonged siege, the German naval vessels trapped in Tsingtao harbor were scuttled, and the fortress surrendered to the Japanese on November 7.
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On 2 September 1914 the German gunboat Jaguar sank the stranded Japanese destroyer Shirotaye. On 5 September a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft scouted the port and reported that the Asian German fleet had departed; the Japanese ordered the dreadnought, pre-dreadnought and cruiser to leave the blockade. The next day, the first air-sea battle in history took place when a Farman seaplane launched by the Wakamiya unsuccessfully attacked the Kaiserin Elisabeth and the Jaguar in Qiaozhou Bay with bombs. On 28 September the Jaguar sank the Japanese cruiser Takashio. Early in the siege, the Kaiserin Elisabeth and German gunboat Jaguar made an unsuccessful sortie against Japanese vessels blockading Tsingtao. Later, the cruiser's 15‑cm and 4.7‑cm guns were removed from the ship and mounted on shore, creating the Batterie Elisabeth. The ship's crew took part in the defense of Tsingtao. On 13 September, the Japanese land forces launched a cavalry raid on the German rear-guard at Tsimo, which the Germans gave up and retreated. Subsequently, the Japanese took control of Kiautschou and the Santung railway. Lt. Gen. Kamio considered this the point of no return for his land forces and as the weather became extremely harsh he took no risk and fortified the troops at the town, returned the reinforcements that were on the way, re-embarked and landed at Lau Schan Bay. As the siege progressed, the naval vessels trapped in the harbor, Cormoran, Iltis and Luchs, were scuttled on 28 September. On 17 October, the torpedo boat S-90 slipped out of Tsingtao harbor and fired a torpedo which sank the Japanese cruiser Takachiho with the loss of 271 officers and men. S-90 was unable to run the blockade back to Tsingtao and was scuttled in Chinese waters when the ship ran low on fuel. Tiger was scuttled on 29 October, Kaiserin Elisabeth on 2 November, followed finally by Jaguar on 7 November, the day the fortress surrendered to the Japanese. The Japanese started shelling the fort and the city on 31 October and began digging parallel lines of trenches, just as they had done at the Siege of Port Arthur nine years earlier. Very large 11‑inch howitzers from land, in addition to the firing of the Japanese naval guns, brought the German defences under constant bombardment during the night, the Japanese moving their own trenches further forward under the cover of their artillery. The bombardment continued for seven days, employing around 100 siege guns with 1,200 shells each on the Japanese side. While the Germans were able to use the heavy guns of the port fortifications to bombard the landward positions of the Allies, they soon ran out of ammunition. When the artillery ran out of ammunition on 6 November, surrender was inevitable. The German garrison was able to field only a single Taube aircraft during the siege, flown by Lieutenant Gunther Plüschow. (A second Taube piloted by Lt. Friedrich Müllerskowsky crashed early in the campaign).

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＞On 2 September 1914 ～ Japanese vessels blockading Tsingtao. ⇒1914年9月2日、ドイツ軍の小型砲艦ジャガー（ドイツ語読み「ヤグヮー」）号は、取り残された日本の駆逐艦「シロタイ」（白妙）を沈没させた。9月5日、日本の偵察機がこの港を偵察して、アジアのドイツ艦隊が出発したと報じた。日本軍は弩級船艦、前代の弩級船艦、および巡洋艦に封鎖海域を出るよう命令した。翌日、ワカミヤ（若宮）隊によって発射されたファルマン（型）水上飛行機が膠州湾の皇女エリザベス号とジャガー号を攻撃することに失敗したとき、歴史上最初の空対海の戦いが起こった。9月28日、ジャガー号は日本の巡洋艦「高潮」を沈没させた。包囲戦の早い段階で、皇女エリザベス号とドイツ軍の砲艦ジャガー号は、青島を封鎖している日本の艦船に対して出撃したが、失敗していた。 ＞Later, the cruiser's 15 cm ～ landed at Lau Schan Bay. ⇒その後、巡洋艦の（口径）15センチと4.7センチの大砲が船から取り除かれて海岸に据え付けられ、エリザベス砲撃隊が創設された。両艦船の乗組員（だった者）は青島の防衛に参加した。9月13日に、日本陸軍の軍団がツィモ（地区）でドイツ軍の後衛部に騎兵隊襲撃を開始したところ、ドイツ軍は降伏し、退却した。その後、日本軍は膠州と山東鉄道を支配した。カミオ（上尾）中将は、これを彼の陸軍のための無帰還（あとに引けない）地点であるとみなした。そして、天気が非常に厳しくなったので、彼は危険を冒さず、町で軍隊を強化した。途中まで来ていた強化部隊は戻って再乗船し、ラウシャン（許留山）湾に上陸した。 ＞As the siege progressed, ～ surrendered to the Japanese. ⇒包囲が進んだので、港内に閉じ込められていた海軍艦艇コルモラン号、イルチス号、ルクス号は9月28日に沈められた。10月17日、魚雷艇S-90号が青島港から抜け出して魚雷を発射し、日本の巡洋艦「高千穂」を沈没させたことで、271人の将校と兵士が亡くなった。S-90号は封鎖をかいくぐって青島へ復帰することができず、燃料不足になったときに中国の海域に沈んだ。ティーガー号は10月29日に、皇女エリザベス号は11月2日に、最後にジャガー号は11月7日に、要塞が日本に降伏した日に続いて沈められた。 ＞The Japanese started shelling ～ 6 November, surrender was inevitable. ＞日本軍は10月31日に砦と街を砲撃し始め、9年前に「アーサー港の包囲戦」で行ったのと同じように、平行複線の塹壕を掘り始めた。日本軍艦船からの発砲に加えて、地上から特大の11インチ榴弾砲が夜通し間断なくドイツ軍の守備隊を襲い、日本軍は自軍の砲兵隊の庇護の下で、塹壕をさらに前進させた。砲撃は7日間続けられ、日本軍側ではおよそ100門の攻城砲がそれぞれ1,200発の砲弾を使用した。ドイツ軍は連合軍の陸上陣地を砲撃するために港湾要塞の重砲を使用することができたが、彼らはすぐに弾薬を使い果たした。11月6日に砲兵隊が弾薬を使い果たしたとき、降伏が避けられなくなった。 ＞The German garrison was ～ crashed early in the campaign). ⇒包囲戦中、ドイツ軍守備隊は、中尉ギュンター・プルショフの操縦によるタウベ（社製）航空機1機しか飛行できなかった。（フリードリヒ・ミュラースコフスキー中尉によって操縦された2機目のタウベ航空機トーベは、野戦の初期に墜落した）。

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