Different Perspectives of the Actions Carried Out Under Papal Authority During the Crusades

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  • The actions carried out under Papal authority during the crusades have polarised historians. Some argue that the behavior of the crusaders was incongruous with the stated aims and moral authority of the papacy and the crusades.
  • The crusades had a profound impact on Western civilization. They reopened the Mediterranean to commerce and travel, consolidated the collective identity of the Latin Church under papal leadership, and sparked tales of heroism, chivalry, and piety in medieval romance, philosophy, and literature.
  • However, the crusades were also marked by pillaging, the retention of captured territory by crusader leaders, and acts of violence such as the Rhineland massacres and the sacking of Constantinople.
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日本語訳をお願いいたします。

Different perspectives of the actions carried out, at least nominally, under Papal authority during the crusades have polarised historians. To some their behaviour was incongruous with the stated aims and implied moral authority of the papacy and the crusades, in one case to the extent that the Pope excommunicated crusaders.[1] Crusaders often pillaged as they travelled, while their leaders retained control of much captured territory rather than returning it to the Byzantines. The People's Crusade included the Rhineland massacres: the murder of thousands of Jews. Constantinople was sacked during the Fourth Crusade, rendering the reunification of Christendom impossible. The crusades had a profound impact on Western civilisation: they reopened the Mediterranean to commerce and travel (enabling Genoa and Venice to flourish); consolidated the collective identity of the Latin Church under papal leadership; and were a wellspring for accounts of heroism, chivalry and piety. These tales consequently galvanised medieval romance, philosophy and literature. The crusades also reinforced the connection between Western Christendom, feudalism, and militarism.

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  • Nakay702
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十字軍運動の間に教皇の権威の下で遂行された行動には異なる観点があることで、歴史家が分裂することになった。ある者（歴史家）にとっては、彼らの振る舞いは述べられた狙いや暗示された教皇の道徳的な権威とは不似合いで、教皇が十字軍改革の運動家を破門するところまで広がったケースもあった。十字軍運動者はしばしば旅行中に略奪したが、その一方で彼らの指導者は占領した領土の支配権をビザンチンの住民に返さず、保持していた。民間人の十字軍は、ライン地方の大虐殺にまで係わった。すなわち、何千ものユダヤ人の殺人である。コンスタンチノープルは、第4回十字軍の間、財貨を略奪された。それで、キリスト教世界の再統一は不可能になったのである。十字軍運動は、西洋文明に重大な影響を及ぼした。つまり、彼らは、商業と旅行で地中海を再開放した（ジェノバとベニスの繁栄を可能にした）。教皇の指導の下でローマカトリック教会の総体的なアイデンティティを強化した。そして、ヒロイズム、騎士道精神、信仰心に関する話題の源泉となった。従って、これらの話は、中世のロマンス、哲学、文学に衝撃を与えた。十字軍の運動はまた、西欧のキリスト教国、封建制度、および軍国主義の結びつきを補強した。

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