Egyptian Punishment: Death and Destruction
- The most extreme punishment in ancient Egypt was death, with the added destruction of the corpse to prevent entry into the afterlife.
- Prisons were not used as a punishment, but only for those waiting for trial or punishment.
- Crimes against the state were met with the harshest punishments, as a challenge to the king's authority was not tolerated.
- ベストアンサー
日本語訳を!
お願いします (12) The most extreme punishment was death and destruction of the corpse so there would be no entry to the afterlife. Execution was a cheap way of getting rid of criminals. Egyptians were not willing to pay to house and feed lawbreakers. Prisons were used only for those waiting for trial or waiting for their punishment. They were never used as they are today as the punishment. If the punishment was execution, the method was most often impalement on a wooden stake or, less often, burning. The most severe punishments were applied to crimes against the state. It wasn't wise to mess with the king's property―and, technically speaking, everything hn Egypt belonged to the king. The king would not tolerate such a challenge to his authority. The offender was punished not only as an example to others, but also to reaffirm the king's supreme power. (13) Government investigators had the right to arrest and question suspects. If they doubted the testimony of a witness, they had the right to torture him, and the investigators didn't hesitate to do it. Peasants accepted flogging as a part of life. Teachers beat students, overseers beat servants, police beat suspects. Even tax collectors were armed with sticks for beating tax delinquents.
- chiyotomo
- お礼率82% (301/366)
- 英語
- 回答数2
- ありがとう数2
- みんなの回答 （2）
- 専門家の回答
質問者が選んだベストアンサー
(12) 極刑は、死刑で、しかも、来世に行くことが出来ないように、死体を損壊することでした。 処刑は、犯罪者を取り除く安価な方法でした。 エジプト人は、犯罪者を（刑務所に）収容して食べさせる気がありませんでした。刑務所は、裁判を待っているか、彼らの処罰を待っている人々のためにだけ使われました。 刑務所は、今日、それらが罰として使われる様な使われ方は決してしませんでした。 処罰が、死刑であるならば、その方法は、多くの場合、木の杭に串刺しにする刑でした、また、それほど多くありませんでしたが、火あぶりの刑もありました。極刑は、国家に対する犯罪に適用されました。 王の財産に手を出すことは賢明ではありませんでした ― そして、技術的に言って、エジプトのすべてのものを王が所有していました。 王は、彼の権威に対するそのような挑戦を許しませんでした。 それを犯す者は、他の人々への見せしめとしてばかりでなく、王の最高権力を再確認させるために罰せられたのでした。 (13) 政府の捜査官には、容疑者を逮捕して、尋問する権利がありました。 証人の証言を疑うならば、彼らには彼を拷問する権利がありました、そして、捜査官はそれをするのを躊躇しませんでした。 農民は、鞭で打たれることを生活の一部として受け入れました。 教師は生徒を叩きました、監督は召使を叩きました、警察は容疑者を叩きました。 収税吏さえ、税逃れをする者を叩くために、棒で武装していました。
その他の回答 (1)
- ddeana
- ベストアンサー率74% (2976/4019)
(12）来世への望みが立たれる最も過酷な刑罰は死刑と死体損壊でした。処刑は犯罪者の扱いとしてもっとも簡単な方法でした。エジプト人は家や食料に関する法律違反者の為に金をつかいたがらなかったのです。刑務所とは裁判か処刑を待つ人の為のものでしかありませんでした。それら（処刑）は今日いうところの刑罰とはまったく違っていました。もし刑罰が処刑ならば、その手段は、ほとんどの場合木の柱にしばりつけての串刺しの刑か、それよりは少なかったが火あぶりの刑でした。最大級の厳罰は国にたいする犯罪に適応されました。それは王の財産、厳密に言えば王に帰属するHNエジプトのすべてを台無しにする不正ではなかったのです。犯罪者は他の者への見せしめのみならず、王のものすごい権力を再確認する為にも罰せられたのです。 (13)政府の捜査員たちは逮捕と尋問する権限を持っていました。もし彼らが証人の証言を疑うなら、彼らは相手を拷問にかける権限をもっており、ためらわずにそれを実行に移しました。 貧しい農民（小作人？）たちにとって鞭打ちは生活の一部でした。教師は生徒を打ち、監督官は使用人を打ち、警官は容疑者を打ちました。税務署員でさえ税金滞納者を叩くための棒で武装させられました。
お礼
解答ありがとうございます。
関連するQ&A
- 日本語訳を! 8-(2)
お願いします。 (5) It was also common for governors to brag that they could support the people in their cnmmunity while the rest of Egypt starved. Ankhtyfy apparently was just as conceited as all the others because his inscription says, I gave bread to the hungry and clothing to the naked...I gave sandals to the barefooted. The whole country has become like locusts going upstream and downstream in search of food; but never did I allow anybody in need to go from this province to another one. I am the hero without equal. (6) Boasts like these led scholars to believe that the First Intermediate Period and all its chaos were brought about by famine. Was all of Egypt starving? Is that why the country fell apart? Archaeologists who study ancient climates don't think that is true. There were droughts in the Old Kingdom and the king was still able to maintain control. And there were good harvests during the First Intermediate Period and yet chaos ruled. The boasts about feeding the hungry were most likely meant to send the message to the people that they needed the governor, that without their local ruler they would suffer as the rest of the country was supposedly suffering. (7) Governors had always recruited military troops from their provinces for their king. Now instead of sending soldiers to the capital, they were using the troops for their own scrambles for power. The strong grew stronger, and the wealthy grew wealthier. The central government splintered. The king's power slipped further.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳を! 5-(2)
お願いします。 (4) Different towns in Egypt worshipped differnt gods. The leaders of the town would try to convince everyone that their god was the most powerful. If their god was powerful, it meant they were powerful, too. Before Upper and Lower Egypt were unified, each had its own capital with its own goddess. Upper Egypt's goddess looked like a vulture. Lower Egypt's goddess looked like a cobra. After Upper and Lower Egypt unified, the kings wore a crown with both a vulture and a cobra to symbolize the joining of the regions. (5) One of the pharaoh's most important jobs was to take care of the gods. If the gods were happy, the Egyptians figured they would be happy, too. The crops would grow, the Nile would flood to the right level, and Egypt would be at peace with its neighbors. Life would be in balance, or ma'at. The pharaohs built great temples to show respect to the gods. Inside each temple, in the innermost room, they placed a shrine. And inside the shrine, they kept a statue of the god for whom the temple had been built. Every day the priests served the statue as if it were alive. (6) One pharaoh, King Neferhotep (who ruled about 1741 to 1730 BCE), paid special attention to the temple at Abydos. King Neferhotep wanted to be sure the priests were taking care of the statue exactly as they were supposed to take care of it. After all, those priests were the king's representatives. So if they displeased the gods, then the gods were displeased with the king as well. Ma'at would be thrown all out of whack.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳を!
お願いします (4) The king of the Hyksos was like a pebble in the Egyptian king's sandal. He irritated him just by being there, but war didn't break out until the insult. The Hyksos king sent a message to the ruler of Egypt, King Seqenenre. The Hyksos king complained that King Seqenenre's hippos in the royal pools "were keeping him awake at night with their grunts." Do something, he demanded. Given that Avaris was hundreds of miles from Thebes, where the king and his hippos lived, this was nothing short of a slap in the face. King Seqenenre was furious. Although it is unknown what happened next, the damage to King Seqenenre's skull indicates it didn't turn out well for the Egyptian side. During that time kings commanded the armies and led the soldiers into battle. Archaeologists have identified King Seqenenre's head, and it's not pretty. He took a battle axe to the forehead and was stabbed in the neck after he fell to the ground. This attack was the beginning of a war that would last nearly 25 years, from about 1574 to 1550 BCE, and span the reign of three Egyptian kings. (5) The Egyptians were farmers, not warriors. They were peaceful people. They were not conquerors by nature. And nowhere was that more obvious than in their army. It was unorganized. The soldiers served part-time and their weapons were not much more than farm tools adapted for battle. The few full-time soldiers were trained as palace guards, border police, or trade-ship escorts―not warriors. For the occasional battle outside of Egypt, the king hired foreign mercenaries because Egyptians didn't want to die away from home. An improper burial meant wandering the desert for eternity―not a pleasant haunting.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳を!
お願いします (8) Budge sipped his coffee without any hurry, knowing Grebaut would be held up at the least until the next day. And that afternoon, a dealer arrived, bringing six clay tablets with him. Were they kadim ("old")? he asked. Or jaded ("new")? Were the tablets genuine? Or were they fake? Budge writes in By Nile and Tigris, "When I examined the tablets I found that the matter was not as simple as it looked. In shape and form, and colour and material, the tablets were unlike any and I had ever seen in London or Paris, and the writing on all of them was of a most unusual character and puzzled me for hours." (9) It was while he was puzzling over the wedge-shaped markings that he was able to make out the words, "to Nimmuriya, king of the land of Egypt." Budge writes, "The opening words of nearly all the tablets proved them to be letters or dispatches, and I felt certain that the tablets were both genuine and of very great historical importance." Budge stuck to his "letter" theory despite arguments from scholars who thought the tablets were fake and arguments from scholars who had misinterpreted the markings.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳をお願いいたします。
The attack was the largest in the British sector since September and had a seven-day preliminary bombardment, which was twice as heavy as that of 1 July. Beaumont Hamel, St. Pierre Divion and Beaucourt were captured, which threatened the German hold on Serre further north. Edmund Blunden called the battle "a feat of arms vieing (sic) with any recorded. The enemy was surprised and beaten". Four German divisions had to be relieved due to the number of casualties they suffered and over 7,000 German troops were taken prisoner.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳を!
お願いします (14) For every crime the courts assigned a specific punishment. For example, the penalty for stealing cattle was amputation of the nose and ears, with hard labor for the thief and his wife and children. Floggings, assignment to labor gangs, and amputation of noses and ears were the most common criminal sentences. Those who were sentenced to work in the quarries and mines suffered a fate far worse; only half of them survived the trek through the desert. The Greek historian Didorus Siculus recorded Egyptian court judgments: "The penalty for perjury was death; the reasoning being that the perjurer was guilty of the two greatest sins, being impious towards the gods and breaking the most important pledge known to man." (15) These are not the stories that cover the walls of the tombs of kings and nobles. They are written in the court documents and stored in the prison archives. They are not inscribed on the bellies of beetles. Who we are, where we are going, and what we've done are not always what we want to announce to the world. Our dark side is not something we want named. But in real life even sweet-smelling roses have thorns. So it was with real life in ancient Egypt.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳を!!
お願いします (7) Tiberius was elected a tribune of the people in 133 BCE. This office was first established to protect the plebeians, but later tribunes used it to advance their own careers. And as soon as Tiberius took office, he set to work for the rights of the plebes. The aristocrats in the Senate claimed that he was interested only in his own glory, but Tiberius denied it. He said that a trip through northern Italy had showed him how desperate the peasants really were. “The men who fight and die for Italy have only air and light. Without house or home, they wander with their wives and children in the open air.... They fight and die for the luxury and riches of others.” Tiberius insisted that Rome should give the land it gained through war to the poor. Conquered territory became state land. Technically, it belonged to Rome, but if wealthy citizens paid a small tax, they were allowed to farm it as their own. In this way most of the conquered territory passed into the hands of those who needed it least─the rich. Some aristocrats, including many senators, got tens of thousands of acres in this way. They used slave labor to work the land and made huge profits. (8) Tiberius made up his mind to change this law. He proposed that no one─no matter who his ancestors were─should be allowed to keep more than 300 acres of state land. The rest should be given to the poor. Once the homeless had land, he reasoned, they would be able to support themselves. They would no longer roam the cities in angry, hungry mobs. And, as landowners, they would be eligible to serve in the army. This would help the people, help the army, and help Rome─a “win” for everyone. But most of the senators stood against Tiberius, and it's easy to see why. His proposed law would rob them of the huge profits that they had enjoyed for so long.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳を!(10)
お願いします (1) The invaders didn't swoop across Egypt like a tidal wave. At the beginning of the Second Intermediate Peiod, they trickled in―immigrants from the east settling into the delta of northern Egypt. We call the invaders the Hyksos. Soon so many Hyksos had moved into the delta that they had their own king―and that irritated the king of Egypt. This as Egyptian soil, after all. Who did that foreign king think he was ruling in Egypt? No matter how hard the Hyksos tried to blend in, they were still foreigners. It didn't matter if they worshipped Egyptian gods, wore Egyptian clothes, or ate Egyptian food. They were still foreigners. Even their Egyptian name, heqa-khasut, smacked of somewhere else. It meant "chiefs of foreign lands." (2) True, the Hyksos brought with them the hump-backed Zebu cattle that the Egyptians liked so much. And those apples sure were tasty...not to mention the olives. And oh, the sound of the lyre and the lute! Their notes echoed through the chambers of the royal palace. Then there was the vertical loom. For weaving linen it couldn't be beat. The Hyksos' potter's wheels were better, too. But why were the Hyksos hiring scribes to copy Egyptian texts? Stealing Egyptian medical practices, no doubt. And it was totally unacceptable to build Avaris, a walled fortree, and claim it as their capital. (3) Manetho, an Egyptian priest, writes that the Hyksos' king "found a city very favorably situated on the east of the...Nile, and called it Avaris. This place he rebuilt and fortified with massive walls, planting there a garrison of as many as 240,000 heavy-armed men to guard his frontier." Nowhere did the Hyksos' foreignness offend Egyptians as much as at Avaris. Why, those Hyksos dared to live in the same place that they buried their dead. Barbarians!
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳をお願いいたします。
After the war, Churchill wrote, All they saw was that the British did not hesitate to hazard their greatest vessels as well as their light craft in the most daring offensive action and had escaped apparently unscathed. They felt as we should have felt had German destroyers broken into the Solent and their battle cruisers penetrated as far as the Nab. The results of this action were far-reaching. Henceforward, the weight of British Naval prestige lay heavy across all German sea enterprise ... The German Navy was indeed "muzzled". Except for furtive movements by individual submarines and minelayers, not a dog stirred from August till November. — Churchill The Germans knew nothing of our defective staff work or the risks we had run. — Churchill Lieutenant Stephen King-Hall on Southampton, later wrote about the battle that As may be deduced from these extracts the staff work was almost criminally negligent and it was a near miracle that we did not sink one or more of our submarines or that one of them did not sink us. Furthermore if anyone had suggested, say in 1917, that our battle-cruisers should rush about without anti-submarine protection and hundreds of miles away from the battle fleet in a mine infested area a few miles from the German battle fleet, he would have been certified on the spot. It was because the presence of unsupported battle-cruisers was absurd that the logical Germans were sitting in Wilhelmshafen unable to move because the tide was too low on the bar of the Jade river! I should like to be able to write that this important hydrographical circumstance was part of the plan, but it was only discovered long afterwards. Nevertheless the strategical and indeed political consequences of this affair were of great importance. The German Navy was manned by a personnel no less courageous and at least as well trained as our own; their ships were superior type for type; their gunnery was more accurate. Yet in the mind of every German seaman was the reflection that they were challenging the might of a navy which, by and large, had dominated the seas for four centuries. The German seaman had a respect and almost traditional veneration for the British Royal navy, and entered the war with an inferiority complex in striking contrast to the superiority complex which the German Army felt towards all other armies. It was therefore a rude shock to the German Navy ... to learn of this audacious manoeuvre and successful engagement literally within sight of the main German base. — King-Hall
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 日本語訳を! 3-(4)
お願いします。 The richer the country, the more powerful its leader―and Egypt was becoming very rich indeed. The king became as distance and as "imperishable" as the stars―a god-king on earth, and in death truly divine. He was responsible for the stability, the order, the balance―ma'at. The simple tombs lined with brick and topped with a flat rectangular stone that had buried royalty in the past were no longer grand enough. What would the people think? King Djoser wanted something that showed Egypt and the world just how powerful he was―showed this world and the next. He was fortunate enough to have a true genius for an architect―an architect capable of envisioning (and building) a tomb worthy of a god-king's passageway to the afterlife: a stairway to heaven. The architect's name was Imhotep and he built the first pyramid. King Djoser must have traveled from the capital city of Memphis to the burial grounds at Saqqara now and again to inspect Imhotep's progress. King Djoser and Imhotep would have entered through a narrow passage positioned to capture the sun's first rays at daybreak. There were many false entrances along the nearly 20-foot-high wall surrounding the burial grounds, but only one way inside. They would have passed under the stone roof at the entrance carved to look like split logs and then through two giant doors permanently flung open. What did King Djoser think the first time he inspected the work site? How did he feel when he walked between the two parallel lines of stone columns carved to look like reeds bound in bunches? At the far end, the columns were placed closer and closer together to give the illusion of an even longer passageway. It must have seemed to him to stretch forever. This was no brick-lined hole in the ground. The burial complex was as big as 24 soccer fields.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
お礼
ありがとうございます。