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質問

Falkenhayn doubted that victory was possible on the eastern front either, although advocated by Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, because the Russian armies could retreat at will into the vastness of Russia, as they had done during the French invasion of Russia in 1812. On 18 November, Falkenhayn took the unprecedented step of asking the Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, to negotiate a separate peace with Russia. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition, by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of attrition (Ermattungsstrategie) would make the cost of the war was too great for the Allies to bear, until one enemy negotiated an end to the war on mutually acceptable terms. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the German army concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient to obtain a decisive victory. A reorganisation of the defence of Flanders was carried out by the Franco-British from 15–22 November, which left the BEF holding a homogeneous front from Givenchy to Wytschaete, 21 mi (34 km) to the north. The Indian Corps on the right flank, held a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. During three weeks of bad weather, both sides shelled, sniped and raided, the British making several night raids late in November. On 23 November, the German Infantry Regiment 112 captured 800 yd (730 m) of trench east of Festubert, which were then recaptured by a counter-attack by the Meerut Division during the night, at a cost of 919 Indian Corps casualties. Joffre arranged for a series of attacks on the Western Front, after receiving information that German divisions were moving to the Russian Front. The Eighth Army was ordered to attack in Flanders and French was asked to participate with the BEF on 14 December. Joffre wanted the British to attack all along the BEF front, especially from Warneton to Messines, as the French attacked from Wytschaete to Hollebeke. French gave orders to attack from the Lys to Warneton and Hollebeke with II and III Corps, as IV Corps and the Indian Corps conducted local operations, to fix the Germans to their front. French emphasised that the attack would begin on the left flank, next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other. The French and the 3rd Division were to capture Wytschaete and Petit Bois, then Spanbroekmolen was to be taken by II Corps, by an attack from the west and by III Corps with an attack from the south, with only the 3rd Division making a maximum effort. On the right, the 5th Division was to simulate an attack and III Corps was to make demonstrations, as the corps was holding a 10-mile (16 km) front and could do no more.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞Falkenhayn doubted that victory was possible on the eastern front either, although advocated by Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, because the Russian armies could retreat at will into the vastness of Russia, as they had done during the French invasion of Russia in 1812. On 18 November, Falkenhayn took the unprecedented step of asking the Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, to negotiate a separate peace with Russia. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition, by diplomatic as well as military action.
⇒パウル・フォン・ヒンデンブルクやエーリッヒ・ルーデンドルフらは東部戦線でも勝利が可能であると主張したが、ファルケンハインはそれを疑った。というのも、1812年フランスのロシア侵攻中に行われたように、ロシア軍は広い国土の中に自由に後退することができたからである。11月18日、ファルケンハインは前例のない手を打って、テオバルト・フォン・ベツマン‐ホルベヒ首相にロシアと個別の和平を交渉するよう求めた。ファルケンハインは、軍事行動と同様外交手段によって連合国の連合体からロシアまたはフランスの分離を意図したのである。

＞A strategy of attrition (Ermattungsstrategie) would make the cost of the war was too great for the Allies to bear, until one enemy negotiated an end to the war on mutually acceptable terms. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the German army concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient to obtain a decisive victory. A reorganisation of the defence of Flanders was carried out by the Franco-British from 15–22 November, which left the BEF holding a homogeneous front from Givenchy to Wytschaete, 21 mi (34 km) to the north.
⇒「消耗の戦略」（Ermattungsstrategie）が採られると、相互に容認できる条件で敵の一方が戦争の終結を申し出ない限り、連合国軍にとっては戦費の負担がひどく高くつくことになるだろう。当の交戦国はドイツ軍との交渉に応じるか、さもなければ、決定的な勝利を得るのに十分なら残りの戦線に集中して対峙しなければならないことになるだろう。11月15日－22日にフランドル国防軍の再編成が仏英軍によって行われ、BEFがジバンシーから北へ21マイル（34キロ）のウィツシェトまで同質の前線を維持した。
※この段落は、よく分かりません。他の段落も含め、地名のカタカナ表記も間違っているかも知れません。誤訳・誤表記の節はどうぞ悪しからず。

＞The Indian Corps on the right flank, held a 2 mi (3.2 km) front. During three weeks of bad weather, both sides shelled, sniped and raided, the British making several night raids late in November. On 23 November, the German Infantry Regiment 112 captured 800 yd (730 m) of trench east of Festubert, which were then recaptured by a counter-attack by the Meerut Division during the night, at a cost of 919 Indian Corps casualties. Joffre arranged for a series of attacks on the Western Front, after receiving information that German divisions were moving to the Russian Front.
⇒右側面のインド軍団は、2マイル（3.2キロ）の前線を保っていた。3週間の悪天候の間、両陣営は砲撃、狙撃、襲撃を行い、英国軍は11月下旬に数回の夜間襲撃を行った。11月23日、ドイツ軍112歩兵連隊はフェスツベルト東の800ヤード（730m）を攻略した。その後、夜の間にミアラット師団による反撃で奪回されたが、インド軍団には919人の犠牲者があった。ジョフルは、ドイツ軍の数個師団がロシア前線に移動しているという情報を受けた後、西部前線への一連の攻撃を手配した。

＞The Eighth Army was ordered to attack in Flanders and French was asked to participate with the BEF on 14 December. Joffre wanted the British to attack all along the BEF front, especially from Warneton to Messines, as the French attacked from Wytschaete to Hollebeke. French gave orders to attack from the Lys to Warneton and Hollebeke with II and III Corps, as IV Corps and the Indian Corps conducted local operations, to fix the Germans to their front.
⇒第8方面軍はフランドルでの攻撃を命じられ、12月14日、フランス軍はBEFに参加するよう求められた。ジョフルは、フランス軍がウィッツシェトからホルベクまで攻撃する時に、英国軍がBEFの前線、特にワルネトンからメシーヌまで攻撃することを望んだ。第IV軍団とインド軍団がドイツ軍を目前の前線に釘付けするために現地作戦を実行する時、フランス軍は第II、第III軍団をもってリースからワルネトンおよびホルベクを攻撃するよう命じられた。

＞French emphasised that the attack would begin on the left flank, next to the French and that units must not move ahead of each other. The French and the 3rd Division were to capture Wytschaete and Petit Bois, then Spanbroekmolen was to be taken by II Corps, by an attack from the west and by III Corps with an attack from the south, with only the 3rd Division making a maximum effort. On the right, the 5th Division was to simulate an attack and III Corps was to make demonstrations, as the corps was holding a 10-mile (16 km) front and could do no more.
⇒フランス軍は、フランス軍の隣の左側面から攻撃を始め、各部隊は互いの前後に移動しないようにと強調した。フランス軍と第3師団がウィッツシェトとプチ・ボワを占領し、その後第II軍団が西から攻撃し、第III軍団が南から攻撃することでスパンブロークモーレンを奪取することになった。右側面では、第5師団が攻撃を擬態し、それを第III軍団が実演をすることになっていた。なぜならこの軍団は10マイル（16キロ）の前線を保持していて、それ以上のことはできなかったからである。

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回答ありがとうございました。