Revolutionizing Transportation with Electricity
- The motor consisted of a Siemens series-would dynamo,Type D,having its armature shaft connected with the wheels of the locomotive truck thought gearing.
- The motor gave about three horsepower when running eleven miles an hour with a tension of 150volts.
- The success of this show road created a profound impression in engineering circles, marking the advent of a new era in the application of electricity for transportation.
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The motor consisted of a Siemens series-would dynamo,Type D,having its armature shaft connected with the wheels of the locomotive truck thought gearing. An insulated middle rail supplied the current (by means of brushers)to the electric motor and the return was made through the outside rails on which the locomotive ran.The motor gave about three horsepower when running eleven miles an hour with a tension of 150volts.The locomotive pulled three platforms on wheels,each having two benches capable of seating six passengers.The success of this show road created a profound impression in engineerings circles,for it marked the advent of a new era in the application of electricity for transportation. Here I may say that we are always ready to accord historical recognition to men who bring out new ideas though they may be unable to do anything practical with them.On the other hand,the chief merit belongs to the man who makes a success of his work.Thus we give to Dr.Werner Siemens the honor he deserves of being the first to show what electricity could do in commercial traction.The same ethics fit the incandescent lamp controversy:while we know that the problem was solved by Edison,yet we mention historically the men who labored before him and yet failed to realize practicable results.Man's objective in this worlds is to advnce the well-being of humankind and to bring within the reach of all what has only been enjoyed by the few.
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ジーメンスの直列（※1）を構成するモーター、ダイナモやタイプDはギアリング（※2）を考え、機関車のトラック部分の車輪にアーマチュアシャフト（※3）が接続された。絶縁された中央のレールは電気モーターに（ブラシを用いて）電流を送り、帰り（※4）は、機関車が走ったレールの外側を通して作られた。そのモーターは150ボルトの電圧で時速11キロで走行した時、約3馬力を出した。機関車は、それぞれに6人の乗客が座れる2つのベンチを備えた車輪つきの客車を3両引っぱった。この見本となるショーの成功は、輸送の為の電気応用において新時代の到来を刻んだという点で、技術分野において深く心に残る印象を作り上げた。 さて、私達は、本人たちにとって実用的な何かを出来なくとも、新しいアイデアを世に出した人々に対していつでも歴史的視点からの感謝の意を認められると言えるだろう。一方で、仕事での成功を収める人には最高位の評価がついてくる。ゆえに商用牽引で電気に何ができるかを最初に示した人としての功績があるので、私達はヴェルナー・ジーメンス博士に敬意を表すのだ。同じ倫理が白熱電球論争にも当てはまる。その問題がエジソンによって解決をみたことは知っている。が歴史的には、彼以前に（この問題に）努力した人々と、彼らが実用的な結果を実現できなかったことに触れておく。この世界における人間の目的とは、人類の幸福を進めることであり、わずかな人だけに享受されてきたものをすべての人の手の届くところにもたらすことなのだ。 ※1：Siemens series ジーメンスが製造した電気機関車は、直流電動機を用いていました。 ※2：gearing 歯車で回転速度を変えることです。 ※3：armature shaft 電気モーターの軸とお考えください。 ※4：return 電気の流れ（current）それ自体には、「行き」や「帰り」がある訳ではないのですが、鉄道用語で、変電所と電気車をむすぶ導線のうち，レール側を「帰り」と呼んでいます。
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While Edison was activety engaged on the different kinds of carbon filaments and fillings his first commercial order for the installation of his system on the S.S.Columbia,he was still able to find time to go into the problem of electrical transportation.The idea of an electric railway wasn't a new one;for experimenters had worked on it ever since the wet cell and the simple electromagnet became known. In fact from the start men had dreamed of employing electricity to supply power, but the time wasn't yet ripe-the practical generator and motor didn't yet exist. As we know today,an electric motor is usually operated by current received from a generator-yet in electrical history the motor came first.
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The convoys of wounded were met a few miles from El Arish by infantry with sandcarts lent by the 52nd (Lowland) Division, so the wounded who had endured the cacolets travelled in comfort to the receiving station, arriving at 04:00 on 25 December. The 52nd (Lowland) Division supplied medical stores and personnel to assist, but although arrangements were made for evacuation to the railhead two days later, evacuation by sea was planned. This had to be postponed due to a gale with rain and hail on 27 December and it was not until 29 December that the largest single ambulance convoy organised in the campaign, 77 sandcarts, nine sledges and a number of cacolet camels, moved out in three lines along the beach with 150 wounded.
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That was too tall a story for those early day scientists. They considered it an insolent intrusion on their prerogatives;for they knew that Edison had never attended a college nor been 'trained' to unravel a problem of such intricacy.In fact, the idea of using electricity in public service as light,heat or power,hadn't been dreamed of.Only one man in their opinion conceive such a wild fancy-Jules Verne. Ahead of Edison was a year of arduous toil.As we turn our kaleidoscope back to that year we see him working first on the low resistance platinum lamp and then on the high resistance one.We see him try rare or high fusion metals,which, moreover,he discovers are packed with occulaged gases,and he find a means of overcoming the gases.We see a new generator of electricity that returns 90 percent of the power applied to it;we see many lamps made of carbon filament.
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At the power station a reporter began to shoot inquiries at Clarke,who took off his glasses and slowly started to clean them with his handkerchief in order to consider his replies.He then cautiously began:''The explanation of any trouble of that kind is very difficult.In fact,we haven't given it consideration yet,and we have no evidence that the shocks,if there were any,came from ourstation.' 'You have wires laid at that point.' 'Yes sir.' ''The question is then,would it not be possible for a horse to be affected by the electricity from your wiers?' 'We can say,generally speaking,that if you should connect two poles of any electric battery or dynamo to two pieces of damp ground ,while a current was prevented from passing over the strip of dry ground,if it were narrow enough, could make contact between two poles,and could receive a shock.' Then Clarke drew a sketch that explained the Nassau Street mystery without confirming it.Later on in the day,Edison told Clarke that the leak occured because some men who had dug there had spiked one of the electric tubes. Well-known electricians of that period began to discuss this little and unimportant occurrence seriously,and one of the sages said:''The electrical world in general,and Mr.Edison in paticular have been confronted with a new problem which no amount of forethought unaccompanied by practical experiments could have guarded against.It is evident to me that Mr.Edisonwill have to devise another system of underground conductors that will meet the requirements of the conditions which we now see are imposed upon him before he can ever hope to reach a practical and commercial success in his enterprise.'
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Turkey officially ceded Adakale Island in River Danube to Romania with Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne; by formally recognizing the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey also renounced its privileges in Libya which were defined by Article 10 of the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.) Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States: the Chester concession. The United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty, and consequently Turkey annulled the concession. The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey as the successor state of the defunct Ottoman Empire. The Convention on the Straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits in 1936. The customs limitations in the treaty were shortly reworked. Hatay Province remained a part of the French Mandate of Syria according to the Treaty of Lausanne, but in 1938 gained its independence as the Hatay State, which later joined Turkey after a referendum in 1939. Political amnesty was applied to the 150 personae non gratae of Turkey (mostly descendants of the Ottoman dynasty) who slowly acquired citizenship — the last one was in 1974.
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An illustration of the Paine electric motor taken from his patents, Nos.103,228and 103,230, maybe seen in the Scientific American of June,1871. Patents, of course, seem necessary when such schemes are foisted on the pubric,for they tend to boost the credulity of the victim. Paine was soon exposed, but many others bobbed up with wild-cat notions.The musty newspapers and jornals of those days reveal how suprisingly many were working on this alluring problem,all trying to use electricity for propelling boats and carriages, as well as for all other possible purposes. At this same time Dr.Werner Siemens,the veteran electrician of the pioneer firm of Siemens and Halske,of Berlin,Germany,made the first successful experiment in electrin traction.Visitors at the Industrial Exhibition that was opened at Berlin in 1879 were treated to an amazing exhibit--the Siemens electric railway running on a closed oval track athousand feet long and carrying about eighteen passengers and the driver.
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移民についての文章です。 日本語訳をお願いします。 Our door has to be open—but not wide open. We cannot let in all of the world's many millions who wish to come. And we are entitled to be selective. The key question is how effectively our policies have been designed to address our interests. Another short answer: Not at all. That is why we have to take this opportunity to change them. The bipartisan bill by a group of 10 U.S. senators is a good and bold attempt to sort out this issue after decades of confusion. The senators are right to call for a change of emphasis to put more stress on special skills and limit the numbers claiming entry on the fact of a relationship to someone here. Today, once an individual has become an American citizen, he or she can petition on behalf of relatives, not only spouses and children but also parents and siblings, who in turn can bring other relatives over, creating so-called chain immigration. This allows an immigrant to bring in a brother who brings in a sister, who brings in a brother-in-law, who brings in a daughter, ad infinitum.
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In 2005,Kentucky Fried Chicken(KFC)-of all places-conducted a comprehensive study of personality . Using KFC customers as subjects and different barbecue sauces as test factors, KFC’s research revealed a direct link between flavor preference and personality. For example, people who prefer the sweet and tangy Honey BBQ sauce are “winners who do not accept defeat and have little tolerance for other’s foolishness”. Customers who choose the hotter Sweet and Spicy sauce, on the other hand, are outgoing, flamboyant people who enjoy taking risking put exciting new experiences at work, at play, and in romance. Although we perhaps shouldn’t take KFC’s findings too seriously-it is, after all, a commercial come-on-the results coincide with a well-known fact in psychological circles: that our personal preferences tell us a lot about who we really are. This is backed up by a recent study led by Professor Adrian North of Scotland. Researchers asked 36,000 men and women of all ages from all over the world to rate different musical styles. Then the subjects took detailed personality tests. Jazz fans proved to be creative, sociable, and verbally gifted, classical music buffs were thoughtful and quiet, and country music lovers were diligent, friendly, and dependable. The big surprise was heavy metal fans. While the conventional stereotype sees them as dangerous to themselves and society, North’s study found them to be gentle and “quite delicate.” As Psychology Today puts it: “We consume books, music, and visual art primarily to fulfill the internal emotional needs that are visual fundamental to our personalities. But we also make such choices based on a desire to crave out identities. But we also make such choices based on a desire to carve out identities for ourselves-to articulate the stories of our lives. By the same token we look for those stories in others….and intuitively feel that we can judge others by their tastes. Unfortunately, those judgments are often wrong”
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"Here's to the kids. Who will never have 100 percent confidence in anything they do, and to the kids who are okay with that." "Here's to the kids. Who second guess themselves on everything they do." "Here's to the kids. Whose idea of a good night is sitting on the food of a car, Watching the stars." 文頭のwhoやwhoseの意味・働きがよくわらず、一体どうやって訳せばよいのかさっぱりわかりません。よろしくお願いします。
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Now, we shall concentrate on the collision orbits. Figure 5 illustrates the minimum separation distance r_min in the first encounter (solid curves), identical to that obtained by Petit and Hénon (1986). One sees immediately, that there are two different zones: the “regular” zones, in which r_min varies smoothly with a change of parameter b and the irregular (or “chaotic”) zones, where r_min changes greatly with tiny differences in the choice of b. The chaotic zones lie near b=1.93, 2.30 and 2.48, with very narrow ranges of b. In the regular zone, we find two broad bands of collision orbits around b=2.09 and 2.39. These collision bands were first found by Giuli (1968). The sum of width of the collision bands ⊿b is found to be about 0.098, if the planetary radius is 0.005. よろしくお願いします。
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