(1)Social Science Disciplines: Explaining Collective Phenomena
- The social science disciplines such as sociology, anthropology and history have been developed to explain puzzling social phenomena.
- They particularly investigate aspects of people's lives that are not unique to them, ones that they share with at least some others.
- The term 'they' in the sentence refers to the aspects of people's lives that are not unique to them and that they share with others.
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自分の答と照らし合わせたいのでご解答お願いします。 (1)The social science disciplines such as sociology, anthropology and history have been developed to explain puzzling social phenomena. They particularly investigate "collective" phenomena, that is, aspects of people's lives that are not unique to them, ones that they share with at least some others. that is以下のto them, ones, they shareのtheyが指しているものがわかりません。 (2)Being able to give answers to questions such as "Why do these people typically or regularly do that?" or "Why did that event or kind of event happen when and where it did?" is a practical requirement of life for everyone. (3)Effective human beings must have a practical, sound grasp of the concepts needed to analyse social reality, concepts which social theory makes explicit for the social sciences. (4)The key point is that realists hold that there are many different kinds of causes at work producing social phenomena. Thus realism provides a good basis for introducing the varieties of social theory which seek to understand the causes of social phenomena.
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ご自身の訳がありません。他の質問者さんによくある、丸投げでないことを信じています。 (1) them = people 「(世間一般の)人々」 ones = lives 「生活」。人によって生活はそれぞれ違うから複数形です。 they = people 「社会学」「人類学」「歴史」のような社会科学の分野は、社会現象の謎を説明するために発達してきた。その学問はとりわけ「総体的な」現象、つまり人々の生活の様々な側面を調査するもので、その(調査対象の)人達に特有の生活を調査するものではなく、少なくとも数人の人達と共有している生活を調査する分野である。 (2) 「なぜこの人達はいつも繰り返しそんなことをするのだろうか」とか、「なぜあの時、あの場所であんな事件や出来事が起こったのか」という疑問に答えられるようになることは、だれにとっても人生において実際に必要なことである。 (3) 実際に役に立つ人間は実際的な、社会の現実を分析するために必要とされる概念を正しく把握する概念を持たなければならない。その概念が社会の理論を社会科学に向かって明らかにしていくのである。 ※sound ... reality は practical という語が、この文の中でどんな意味で使われているのかを説明しています。 (4) 重要な点は、現実主義者は社会現象を引き起こす仕組みには、様々な原因があると信じ込んでいることである。このようにして、現実主義は社会的な理論を紹介するために良い根拠を提示するが、その理論は社会現象の原因を理解しようと努めている。
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This rather gloomy process is known as disengagement, based on the idea that there is an innate, biological tendency to disengage from society with age, rather like an animal creeping off to die by itself. It reflects a tendency of psychologists at that time to look for biological explanations for all human behavior. But there are many problems with this model. For one thing, the relative lack of social involvement of older people isn't anything like an animal creeping away to die, because the period of being 'an old person' or a pensioner is so very long. Nowadays, it isn't uncommon for people to live for 30 years or more after they have retired, and that's quite different from a couple of days of being ill and weak before dying-the normal state of affairs among wild animals. Activity theory That type of explanation also ignores the social factors involved in retirement. An alternative explanation for why older people don't seem to take as active a part in society as they might was put forward by Havinghurst, in 1964. Having hurst attributed it to the fact that older people have relatively few opportunities to play meaningful social roles in society. When someone is active and working, they play a large number of different social roles. These include various roles at work as well as roles to do with the family. In other words, as Hvinghurst put it, their role-count is high. But when someone retires from work, their role-count drops dramatically, because all the social roles that they played that were relevant to work -even ones as simple as being a commuter- vanish. All that is left are social roles to do with family and home. In other words, Havinghurst was arguing, people becomes less visible when they retire simply because they don't have as many opportunities to play a part in everyday social living. And this has personal consequences, as well as social ones, because people can easily come to feel apathetic and useless as a result. The way to counteract this, Havinghurst argued, is for people to replace their lost social roles deliberately, by adding new ones such as joining clubs and societies for older people, or working for organizations like Oxfam, which employ people over conventional retirement age. keeping up one's role-count, according to Havinghurst, is the way to ensure a positive experience of old age.
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上手く訳せないので、英訳お願いします。 These disciplines are founded on the ordinary common-sense recognition that the behavior of individuals, and what happens in the social world, is powerfully affected by the way individual people are ’collectivized’, that is, by the ways they come to be in similar circumstances of one kind or another. Everyone understands that how people are collective makes a difference to how they are likely to act and what they are likely to think, and that knowing these things helps us when we have to deal with them. これらの分野は、つまり、個人の振る舞いは、個々の人間は”集合化される”という方法により、つまり、様々な種類の環境において、人間は存在するようになるという方法により、強力に影響されるという普通で共通の認識に基づいている。 全ての人は、いかに集合化された人々が、彼らが考えそうなことや彼かがいかに行動しそうかということに対して理解し、そして、彼らを扱わなければ行けない時、これらを知っていることが私たちを助けるかということを理解している。
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補足
解答ありがとうございます。 （１）についてなのですが、 自分の答えは 「（１文目は略）その学問は特に「集合的な」現象、つまり、その人達にとって特有ではない人々の生活の側面を調査し、少なくとも数人の人達と共有している生活を調査する。」なのですが、 「その学問はとりわけ「総体的な」現象、つまり人々の生活の様々な側面を調査するもので、その(調査対象の)人達に特有の生活を調査するものではなく、少なくとも数人の人達と共有している生活を調査する分野である。」 解答者様の答えと少し違うみたいなので、この部分だけ、詳細に教えて頂けないでしょうか？