Archaeological Finds in the Potter's Quarter
- Discover the fascinating world of the potter's quarter in Harappan times, where artisans crafted intricate ceramic art and children assisted in the production process. Explore the religious and cultural significance of the pottery and the possible origins of Hindu deities.
- Unearth the secrets of the potter's quarter in ancient Harappa, where artisans created exquisite ceramic art and children played a vital role in the production process. Delve into the religious practices of the time and speculate on the connection between ancient and modern Hindu deities.
- Step back in time and enter the bustling potter's quarter of Harappa, where skilled artisans crafted beautiful ceramic art and children lent a helping hand. Learn about the religious customs and traditions surrounding pottery and contemplate the possible link between Harappan deities and modern Hindu worship.
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お願いします!!続き Other shops specialized in the ceramic art of faience,their shelves stocked with beads and bangles as welk as small bottles for perfume and medicines.Still others offered white soapstone beads and pendants,delicately fashioned inlay,and intricately carved and inscribed seals with geometric designs.At this same shop,merchants could have ordered inscribed reals with special animal designs that stood for their clan or religious beliefs. Seals show a person who talks to tigers from a thorny tree.Other seals and figurines show mother deities;a bearded,horned deity;or the ritual killing of a water buffalo.Many of these scenes include a holy man sitting on his heels and meditating in the shade of the pipal,or sacred fig,tree.Archaeologists believe that communities of holy men practiced the discipline of yoga in sacred groves outside the city walls.Sarang's family may well have gone to visit these holy men to bring them offerings as part of the harvest festival. Sarang's family certainly would have stopped in the potter's quarter to buy pots and small clay figurines for worship at the harvest festival.If Sarang had glanced into the courtyard behind any potter's shop,he might well have seen children at work.Artisans' shops were attached to their children would have helped with simple tasks,such as sweeping or fetching materials.Archaeologists have found that some of the flat clay disks that were used to cover pots have child-sized hand-and footprints pressed into them.Bead maker's children,with their small hands and good eyesight,probably also helped string tiny beads. Besides pots,potters made small figurines that were used as offerings to the deities.Even today,many Hindus use small clay or paper figures as part of their prayers and offerings to the deities.Could some of the deities they worship have come from Harappan times?No one knows.
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他の店はファイアンス陶器の陶芸を専門に扱っていました。そして、それらの棚には、ビーズやバングルならびに香水や薬のための小ビンがそろっていました。さらに、白い石鹸石のビーズやペンダント、繊細なはめ込み細工、複雑な彫刻と幾何学的なデザインの刻みを施された印鑑を提供する店もありました。この同じ店で、商人は彼らの一族や宗教的な信条を表した特別な動物のデザインのある刻みを施された印鑑を注文することができたでしょう。 とげの多い木から出てきたトラに向かって話す人を示している印鑑があります。母神; ひげと角のある神; あるいは水牛のと殺の儀式の場面を示す別の印鑑や小立像もあります。これらの場面の多くは、脚を折り曲げて座り、インドボダイジュすなわち神聖ないちじくの木の木陰で瞑想している聖人を含んでいます。聖人のグループがヨガの鍛練を都市壁の外の神聖な林で実践したと、考古学者は思っています。 サラングの家族は、収穫祭の一環として彼らに供え物を届けるためにこれらの聖人を訪ねて行ったことでしょう。サラングの家族は、きっと、収穫祭で深鍋や崇拝のための小さな粘土製の小立像を買うために、陶工の地区に立ち寄ったことでしょう。サラングが陶芸家の店の裏手の中庭を一瞥したならば、彼は仕事をしている子供たちを目にした可能性は十分にあります。職人の店には掃除をしたり材料を取ってきたりする様な単純な仕事の手伝いをする彼らの子供たちがいたことでしょう。考古学者は、深鍋を覆うのに用いられた平らな粘土の円盤のいくつかに、それらに押しつけられた子供の大きさの手や足の跡がついていることを発見しました。ビーズ職人の子供たちは、彼らの小さな手と良い視力で、小さいビーズに糸を通すのを多分手伝ったことでしょう。 深鍋の他に、陶工は、神への供え物として使われた小さな小立像も作りました。今日でさえ、多くのヒンズー教徒は、神に対する彼らの祈りと供え物の一部として小さな粘土や紙の像を使います。彼らが崇拝する神の中には、ハラッパ時代に由来するものもあるのでしょうか？誰にも分かりません。
関連するQ&A
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至急こちらをお願いします。続き Potters made more than pots.They also made small figures that were probably used for praying to the deities,as well as toys for their children.Archaeologists can't always tell the difference between objects meant for sacred rituals and those made tn be toys.Today in India,after a mother is finished praying with a clay figurine,she often gives it to her children to play with.Archaeologists have found many broken and thrown-away figurines that may have bedn used first for rituals and later as toys.Some animal figurines had holes at the bottom to attach wheels and a hole at the top for a pull string,just like the plastic and wooden toys that little kids like to pull around today. Archaeologists don't know who did what job.Most believe that women made the first coil pots,as they still do in some remote Indian villages.For one thing,women were in charge of cooking,so they were the ones who cared most about making it easier.For another,women probably made the baskets that came before the coiled pots,and their shapes are similar. But the potter's wheel changed things.It takes a lot of strength and regular practice to work the wheel.It's not the kind of job you can do it between chasing your children around,and most women of the ancient world spent much of their time and energy on the important work of raising,feeding,and clothing their families.In many parts of the world,men began to work as full-time potters after the invention of the potter's wheel.
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至急こちらをお願いします。続き At first,potters stacked coil of clay on top of each other and pinched and squashed the coils together to make smooth-walled pots.At some point people realized that it would be easier to work on all the sides of a pot if it were on a dish or platter that could be spun around.They also found that adding sand and fine gravel to the clay made pots strong enough to survive cooking fires－no more putting your hand in the flames to retrieve a fallen piece of meat.By abnut 3500-3300 BCE,potters had discovered that “throwing”－shaping their pots on the fast-turning disks－was faster than the coil method. The potter's wheel is a large,flat disk with a socket on the bottom that fits over a round spike set in the ground,like a cupped hand over a fist.The first wheels required a lot of strength and skill to spin,but potters had more control with a spinning wheel.They could make pots that were more even and had thinner walls than coil pots.After the potters shaped the pots,they sliced them ofe the wheels with pieces of thread that they held tightly between their hands.When the pots had dried,artisans coated the inside or outsidd with slip,finely ground colored clay mixed with water until it was about the thickness of cream.The coating of slip helped to seal all the tiny holes in the cilay and make the surface more waterproof.Sometimes artisans would decorate their pots and figures with brushes made from the tail hair of a goat and dipped into red,brown,black,or white slip.
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至急こちらをお願いします。続き In Gujarat and Afghanistan,bead makers chipped,ground,and drilked agates and carnelian.At first,artisans made beads close to the places where the rock was quarried.The artisans would trade them during festivals,when everyone came together at the end of the harvest season.In time,merchants and craftsmen in the villages began to import the raw stone and make the beads locally in villages far from the mining area.Many of the beads are extremely small,and children,who have small and nimble fingers,may have been involved in the grinding and polishing as well as the stringing of the beads. These finished products－terracotta pots,copper pins,shell jewelry,stone beads－were rare and precious luxuries to people of other regions who didn't have the materials or the technnlogy to make their own.Because there were no malls and shopping centers in ancient South Asia,merchants could profit from trading items from one regiom to the other,such as shell items from the coast for copper from the highlands. Villages and towns surrounded by protective walls grew up along the trade routes,usually at important crossroads or in areas with good farmland that could support a lot of people.Craftspeople began to live in these larger villages and towns because they were filled with customers who would buy their products,and the walls protected their workshops.By 2800 BCE,these trading centers would grow into South Asia's first cities,where busy people could buy the things they neede－even dinner.
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お願いします!!続き Seals were important symbols of power. Once an ancient South Asian“sealed”a box or a door with a piece of clay he had stamped with his seal,no one could open it without the sealer's permission.People who did not own anything of great value had no need for seals,so scholars suspect that they were used only by wealthy traders,landowners,or religious leaders.Because seals were so valuable,working like a signature that could be used to approve payments and trade,the city government probably controlled seal making. Once a seal was made,probably only one person used it.But sometimes a father might pass a seal down to his son,or a mother to her daughter.After a seal had been used for a while,its edges would get worn and rounded.It would no longer make very clear impressions.Since people wouldn't want anyone else using their seal,they were very careful about getting rid of their worn-out seals.Archaeologists at Harappa have uncovered heavily worn seals buried in the floor of a house.Lots of broken seals and tablets have also been discovered in the litter filling the streets or in trash pits.The ansient Indus people either buried their old seals or broke them into small pieces before they threw them away,the same way people today cut up their old credit cards. But the ancient South Asians have nothing to fear from the archaeologists who found them－at least until someone figures out how to read the script the seals are written in! Until someone finally gets to the bottom of that script,we'll never know the whole story of Harappa and her sister cities.No matter how carefully we look at the puzzle pieces,some of them are still missing.Even so,archaeologists have a lot of fun trying to put them together.
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お願いします!続き Jewelers weren't the only Late Harappan craftsmen who changed their ways.Potters developed a new kind of kiln that could get hotter faster.This kiln had a hollow center.Holes around the edge of the kiln floor let the fire into the chamber with the pottery.The higher temperatures made pots stronger.So did a new way of working the clay－craftsmen used a wooden paddle and a smalk lump of clay like an anvil to beat the clay walls of a pot and make the walls thinner and stronger.Working this way,potters could make pots with a rounded base instead of a flat base,which made them easier to balance on the hip or head and easier to pour from.The hot temperatures of the new kilns also let potters try out new kinds of black and red glazes and,in time,different designs.Did a clever,inventive potter bring about these changes? Or did new people moving to the city introduce them? Potters also began to make small figures of horses,donkeys,and two-humped camels－animals that until this period been used only high in the mountains of Central Asia.What's more,the people using these animals did not write Indus script,although they did use circular seals with geometric designs similar to those found on seals during the Harappan period. Over time,the new leaders who came to power kept neither written records nor made Harappan-style seals to stamp clay and seal trade goods.This may have been because the trade networks had collapsed,so there was no need for the records.Or it's possible that the new leaders decided not to write down their records.
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お願いします!続き The earlier Vedic religion was changing.Animal sacrifices were being replaced with butter and fruit offerings,new deities were emphasized instead of Agni and Brahma,and people couldn't move between the varnas at all.In time,these new practices became known as Hinduism. But not everyone found meaning and comfort in sacrifices and strict social divisions.By the sixth century BCE,two young men were struggling to find gentler,more peaceable ways of finding the divine.Their names were Mahavira and Siddhartha Gautama,and their efforts would ghve birth to two of the world's great religions,Jainism and Buddhism.
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お願いします!!続き If they arrived in the evening or early morning,they could have seen the fires of the coppersmiths and potters along the southern edge of the city.The wind blows from the north in Harappa.Limiting furnaces to the southern side of the city meant that their sparks would be blown away from the crowded city streets.As Sarang got closer to the city,he would have realized that the wind carried more than sparks.The leather dressers also worked on the ddge of the city,and the stink of dead animals,which in some poor neighborhoods were left to rot on the street,must have bden awful. Once inside the city gates,the sights and sounds of the crowded market would most likely have overwhelmed a farm boy like Sarang.One part of the city specialized in wood carving and carpentry.Here his mother could have bought cedar chests to keep the family's clothing safe from moths and insects.Stonecutters,who made everything from drills to grinding stones to sharp stone blades,lived in another quarter.Sarang would have seen booths selling carved ivory ornaments,polished until they were smooth as butter,and inlay for wooden furniture. Jewelers clustered at the center of the market,their workbenches glittering with gold and silver pendants inlaid with precious stones.Strings of beads carved from hard stones of every color hung in the stalls of bead makers.Sarang's family may have bought beads here,but they probably could not have afforded a belt of carnelian beads.Archaeologists estimate that,given the hardness of the drill bits available to the people of Harappa,bead makers would need more than three days to drill a hole in bead three and one-half inches long.Some of the carnelian beads found on belts are almost twice as long.From start to finish,including all the stages of making a belt,it would have taken one worker more than 480 working days to complete a belt of 36 beads.No wonder archaelogists have found only three carnelian belts.
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お願いします!!続き Symbols scratched into pots after they were fired are called graffiti.Graffiti probably developed at the same time as potter's marks,around 4000 BCE,but the earliest examples from Harappa date to around 3300 BCE.They count as the earliest evidence for writing in the Indus Valley.By about 2800-2600 BCE,the symbols that began as graffiti had become a written language,one that was spreading rapidly throughout the region. Why did writing spread so quickly? For one thing,it was useful,especially to merchants who traveled throtghout the Indus Valley.They used square seals with animal designs and bold script across the the top to seal goods for trade.They also developed a system of tablets for keeping accounts.Archaeologists have recently found a building that was a kind of “mint” that made the tablets that merchants used to keep track of their goods. Merchants weren't the only people who were quick to see the power of the written word.Religious leaders may have used writing to record the names of deities and important religious rituals. Archaeologists have been trying to understand the Indus script for more than a hundred years－without any luck.For one thing,they've only found about 2,000 examples of it,and none of the examples has more than 23 symbols (most have only five).But they have been able to figure out a few of its features.They know that the Indus script is not directly related to any known writing system.They know that it was written from right to left (as is the script used to write Urdu,the modern language of Pakistan). But sometimes longer inscriptions are written from the right in the first line,then from left to right on the mext line,and so on,back and forth until the end.This type of writing style is called boustrophedon,a Greek word that means “as the ox turns,”because it moves down one row and up the next,the way oxen plow a field,or people mow the lawn.
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お願いします!続き Kumar was preparing for his initiation along with some other boys from his class.When that day arrived,his mother and sister plastered the courtyard of their home with a fresh layer of clay mixed with sacred cow manure.Cows were holy,and their manure mixed with clay purified the space needed for the special ritual.(Many harmful bacteria do not grow in cow manure,so this practice actually did keep things clean.Grass fibers in the manure did something else,too,it made the plaster of the walls stronger.)Kumar's family built small,square fire altar in the center of the courtyard with four rectangular fired bricks that his mother and sister also plastered with clay and manure. When everything was ready,Kumar's father and two other priests brought out the special tools to kindle the sacred fire.One man held a wood plank,and a second man held a wooden drill.Kumar's father pulled back and forth on a cord wrapped around the thick wooden drill,so that the drill tip pressed into the wood board.After a few turns,the tip of the stick rtarted to smoke,and soon the charred wood powder that built up in the hearth began to glow.One of the priests blew on the glowing embers and added a bit of dry kindling soaked in butter until the sacred fire－Agni－sprang to life. Once the fire was going,Kumar's father recited a hymn to Agni,inviting the deity to the altar to receive the sacrifice: May your offerings,oblations,directed to heaven Come forth with the butter ladle. Agni goes to the deities,seeking their favor. Having been called,Agni,sit down for the feast.
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お願いします! Not all followers of Jain traditions practice the strict rules that Mahavira laid out.At first,Jain teaching did not allow people to worship statues or paintings of deities,a common practice among early Hindus,or even to worship in temples.But in time,a few Jains began to take on some of the traditions of the early Hindus.Around the first century CE,Jains began building temples with stories illustrating the lives of their saints carved in stone.In the fifth century CE,Jains began to build white marble temples with golden spires and even began offering sacrifices to their ford makers.Becaure Jains did not believe in animal sacrifice,they offered gifts of flowers and fruit to the deities and decorated their statues with a paste made from sweet-smelling sandalwood.The largest Jain image today is a huge－about 60 feet(18 meters) tall－statue of a saint in South India.On special occasions,thousands of gallons of milk,sweet-smelling wood and spices,and bright red vermilion,a red powder that stands for purity,are poured over the statue's head and allowed to run down its body.Then pilgrims collect the leftover offerings and ure them to wash their bodies.They believe this will purify them.
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