British Landing at Suvla Bay: A Chaotic Start
- Stopford's IX Corps, consisting of the British 10th (Irish) and 11th Divisions, faced three Ottoman battalions commanded by Major Wilhelm Willmer during the landing on 6 August at Suvla Bay. The landings were plagued by confusion and logistical issues, with lighters running aground and units becoming intermingled. The original objectives of capturing ridge lines and hills were diluted, resulting in minimal progress. The British suffered 1,700 casualties on the first day. Colonel Fevzi Bey, commander of the 7th and 12th Divisions, was relieved of duty, and the responsibility was given to Mustafa Kemal, boosting Ottoman morale.
- Stopford's IX Corps, made up of the British 10th (Irish) and 11th Divisions, encountered three Ottoman battalions led by Major Wilhelm Willmer during their landing at Suvla Bay. The landings were marked by confusion and supply shortages, hindering progress. The capture of ridge lines and hills as the original objectives was overlooked, and the focus shifted to securing the beach. The lack of effective coordination and leadership led to minimal progress and 1,700 British casualties on the first day. Colonel Fevzi Bey was relieved of command and replaced by Mustafa Kemal.
- During the British landing at Suvla Bay, Stopford's IX Corps faced three Ottoman battalions commanded by Major Wilhelm Willmer. The landings, conducted without reliable reconnaissance, suffered from confusion and logistical challenges. The original objectives to capture ridge lines and hills were downgraded to securing the beach due to a lack of decisive leadership. The British suffered significant casualties on the first day, and Colonel Fevzi Bey was replaced by Mustafa Kemal. This shift in command boosted Ottoman morale.
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Stopford's IX Corps comprised the British 10th (Irish) and 11th Divisions. At the time of the landing on 6 August the British were confronted by three Ottoman battalions under the command of a Bavarian cavalry officer, Major Wilhelm Willmer whose task was to delay the British until reinforcements could arrive from Bulair, 30 miles (48 km) away. Stopford, who had decided to command the landings from HMS Jonquil that was anchored offshore, slept during the attack instead. The 11th Division landed on the night of 6 August and two brigades of the 10th Division landed the following morning. The landings, made in the dark without the aid of reliable reconnaissance, suffered from the same confusion that reigned at Anzac landing on 25 April. Lighters ran aground on sandbars so that the troops had to wade some distance to get ashore. Many units became intermingled and officers were unable to locate their objectives. Lala Baba was captured by the 6th Battalion of the Yorkshire Regiment in what was the first combat action by any unit of the New Army of Lord Kitchener. The original objectives were the capture of the ridge lines to the north (Kiretch Tepe) and east (Tekke Tepe) and the line of hills to the south on the Anafarta Spur. Stopford's 'caution' and Hamilton's failure to exert his will on his subordinate commanders, meant the objectives were diluted to little more than securing the beach. By evening on 7 August, with the chain of command breaking down, progress had become minimal. Mostly due to Stopford still "commanding" from offshore, however, a lack of supplies, especially drinking water, weren't helping matters. To the south east Chocolate Hill and Green Hill were taken in the evening with minimal resistance but constant harassment by shrapnel and sniper fire. The British suffered 1,700 casualties on the first day at Suvla. General Sanders was incensed at commander of the 7th and 12th divisions, Colonel Fevzi Bey, for not taking advantage of the Allied disarray at Suvla and pounce on them before they got organized. Turks not expecting a major landing at Suvla had to rush in the two divisions and Fevzi Bey dreaded night attacks, which were rarely successful. Sanders relieved Fevzi Bey immediately and gave the responsibility to Mustafa Kemal who was the commander of the 19th division. Basically he was given the command of a whole group responsible for the front from Anzac Cove to Saros. He immediately planned for an attack along the Anafarta Hills. Given his success at Ariburnu earlier in spring, Mustafa Kemal's arrival boosted the Ottoman morale.
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＞Stopford's IX Corps comprised the British 10th (Irish) and 11th Divisions. At the time of the landing on 6 August the British were confronted by three Ottoman battalions under the command of a Bavarian cavalry officer, Major Wilhelm Willmer whose task was to delay the British until reinforcements could arrive from Bulair, 30 miles (48 km) away. ⇒ストップフォードの第IX軍団は、英国軍の第10、第11（両アイルランド）師団で構成されていた。8月6日の上陸時に、英国軍はバイエルンの騎兵隊将校ヴィルヘルム・ヴィルマー少佐の指揮下にあるオスマン軍の3個大隊に直面した。このヴィルマー少佐は、援軍が30マイル（48キロ）先のブレアからやって来るまで（の時間稼ぎに）、英国軍を遅らせることを任務とした。 ＞Stopford, who had decided to command the landings from HMS Jonquil that was anchored offshore, slept during the attack instead. The 11th Division landed on the night of 6 August and two brigades of the 10th Division landed the following morning. The landings, made in the dark without the aid of reliable reconnaissance, suffered from the same confusion that reigned at Anzac landing on 25 April. Lighters ran aground on sandbars so that the troops had to wade some distance to get ashore. ⇒沖合に停泊しているHMS（英国海軍軍艦）ジョンキル号から上陸を指揮することに決めたストップフォードは、代わりに攻撃中に睡眠をとった。第11師団は8月6日の夜に上陸し、第10師団の2個旅団は翌朝上陸した。信頼できる偵察の援助なしに暗闇の中で行われた上陸は、4月25日のアンザック上陸で翻弄されたのと同じ混乱に悩まされた。平底艀は、砂州で座礁することがあったので、軍隊は上陸するのにある程度の距離を歩く必要があった。 ＞Many units became intermingled and officers were unable to locate their objectives. Lala Baba was captured by the 6th Battalion of the Yorkshire Regiment in what was the first combat action by any unit of the New Army of Lord Kitchener. The original objectives were the capture of the ridge lines to the north (Kiretch Tepe) and east (Tekke Tepe) and the line of hills to the south on the Anafarta Spur. Stopford's 'caution' and Hamilton's failure to exert his will on his subordinate commanders, meant the objectives were diluted to little more than securing the beach. ⇒多くの部隊が混ざり合い、将校らは標的を見つけることができずにいた。ヨークシャー連隊の第6大隊によってララ・ババが攻略されたが、これが、キッチナー卿の新方面軍のどの部隊による最初の戦闘行動であった。当初の目的は、北（キレッチ・テペ）と東（テケ・テペ）への山稜戦線の攻略と、アナファルタ山脚南の丘の戦線の攻略であった。ストップフォードの「注意」とハミルトンの部下指揮官に対する意志の不徹底により、ビーチを確保することもさることながら、それ以上に標的（確定）が薄まることを意味した。 ＞By evening on 7 August, with the chain of command breaking down, progress had become minimal. Mostly due to Stopford still "commanding" from offshore, however, a lack of supplies, especially drinking water, weren't helping matters. To the south east Chocolate Hill and Green Hill were taken in the evening with minimal resistance but constant harassment by shrapnel and sniper fire. The British suffered 1,700 casualties on the first day at Suvla. ⇒8月7日の夕方までに、指揮系統が崩壊し、（作戦の）進展は最小限に抑えられた。ストップフォードが、依然沖合いから「指揮」していることが主な理由であったが、特に飲料水の供給不足が問題の解決を鈍らせていた。南東のチョコレートヒルとグリーンヒルは、抵抗は最小限に抑えられたまま夕方に奪取されたが、榴散弾や狙撃射撃などによる継続的な反抗はなかった。スブラ戦での初日、英国軍は1,700人の犠牲者を出した。 ＞General Sanders was incensed at commander of the 7th and 12th divisions, Colonel Fevzi Bey, for not taking advantage of the Allied disarray at Suvla and pounce on them before they got organized. Turks not expecting a major landing at Suvla had to rush in the two divisions and Fevzi Bey dreaded night attacks, which were rarely successful. Sanders relieved Fevzi Bey immediately and gave the responsibility to Mustafa Kemal who was the commander of the 19th division. Basically he was given the command of a whole group responsible for the front from Anzac Cove to Saros. He immediately planned for an attack along the Anafarta Hills. Given his success at Ariburnu earlier in spring, Mustafa Kemal's arrival boosted the Ottoman morale. ⇒サンダース将軍は、第7師団と第12師団の指揮官フェブジ・ベイ大佐に、スブラでの混乱を利用して組織化される前に襲撃できるという連合国軍の有利な状況を生かさなかったことを激怒した。スブラへの大規模な上陸を予期していなかったトルコ軍は、2個師団に突撃しなければならず、フェブジ・ベイは夜間攻撃を恐れたが、それはほとんど成功しなかった。サンダースはすぐにフェブジ・ベイ（の任）を解いて、第19師団の指揮官であったムスタファ・ケマルに責任を与えた。基本的に彼は、アンザック小湾からサロスまでの前線を担当するグループ全体の指揮を任された。彼はすぐにアナファルタの丘に沿った攻撃を計画した。春の初めにアリブルヌでの彼の成功があったので、ムスタファ・ケマルの到着はオスマン軍の士気を押し上げた。
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New smoke shells were fired when the creeping barrage paused beyond each objective, which helped to obscure the British infantry from artillery observers and German machine-gunners far back in the German defensive zone who fired through the British artillery barrages. Around Langemarck, the British infantry formed up close the German positions, too near for the German artillery to fire on for fear of hitting their infantry, although British troops further back at the Steenbeek were severely bombarded. British platoons and sections were allotted objectives and engineers accompanied troops to bridge obstacles and attack strong points. In the 20th Division, each company was reduced to three platoons, two to advance using infiltration tactics and one to mop up areas where the forward platoons had by-passed resistance by attacking from the flanks and from behind. In the II and XIX Corps areas, the foremost infantry had been isolated by German artillery and then driven back by counter-attacks. On 17 August, Gough ordered that the capture of the remainder of their objectives of 16 August would be completed on 25 August. Apart from small areas on the left of the 56th Division (Major-General F. A. Dudgeon), the flanks of the 8th Division and right of the 16th Division, the British had been forced back to their start line by German machine-gun fire from the flanks and infantry counter-attacks supported by plentiful artillery. Attempts by the German infantry to advance further were stopped by British artillery-fire, which inflicted many losses. Dudgeon reported that there had been a lack of time to prepare the attack and study the ground, since the 167th Brigade had relieved part of the 25th Division after it had only been in the line for 24 hours; neither unit had sufficient time to make preparations for the attack. Dudgeon also reported that no tracks had been laid beyond Château Wood, that the wet ground had slowed the delivery of supplies to the front line and obstructed the advance beyond it. Pillboxes had caused more delays and subjected the attacking troops to frequent enfilade fire.
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On 22/23 February, the Germans fell back another 3 mi (4.8 km) on a 15 mi (24 km) front. The Germans then withdrew from much of the R. I Stellung to the R. II Stellung on 11 March, forestalling a British attack, which was not noticed by the British until dark on 12 March; the main German withdrawal from the Noyon salient to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich) commenced on schedule on 16 March.[Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition, the garrisons were exhausted and censors of correspondence from front-line soldiers reported tiredness and low morale. The situation left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle.
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Success on the Somme came at a cost which at times seemed to surpass the cost of failure, and for the Australians, Pozières was such a case. As a consequence of being the sole British gain on 23 July, Pozières became a focus of attention for the Germans. Forming as it did a critical element of their defensive system, the German command ordered that it be retaken at all costs. Three attempts were made on 23 July but each was broken up by the British artillery or swept away by machine gun fire. Communication was as difficult for the Germans as it was for the British, and it was not until 7:00 a.m. 24 July that they discovered that Pozières had been captured.
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Total British losses from January to March 1917 in France were given as 67,217, French losses given were 108,000 and German losses were 65,381. The first attack of the Nivelle Offensive by the British First and Third armies came at Arras, north of the Hindenburg Line on 9 April and inflicted a substantial defeat on the German 6th Army, which occupied obsolete defences on forward slopes. Vimy Ridge was captured and further south, the greatest depth of advance since trench-warfare began was achieved, surpassing the success of the French Sixth Army on 1 July 1916. German reinforcements were able to stabilise the front line, using both of the defensive methods endorsed in the new German training manual and the British continued the offensive, despite the difficulties of ground and German defensive tactics, in support of the French offensives further south and then to keep German troops in the area while the Messines Ridge attack was being prepared. German casualties were c. 85,000, against British losses of 117,066 for the Third and First armies.
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