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- センセーショナルなタイトル: オーストラリアの軍隊がドイツの占領地に侵攻
- 要約文1: オーストラリアの軍隊がドイツのニューギニアに侵攻しました。
- 要約文2: ドイツの軍力が限定的であることを知ったオーストラリア軍は、戦闘に備えた進攻を開始しました。
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Also included were two machine gun sections, a signals section and a medical detachment. Another battalion of militia from the Queensland-based Kennedy Regiment—which had been dispatched to garrison Thursday Island—also contributed 500 volunteers. Recruitment began on 11 August, with the very few of the infantry having had previous military experience. Under the overall command of Colonel William Holmes, the force departed Sydney on 19 August aboard HMAS Berrima and halted at Palm Island off Townsville until a New Zealand force, escorted by the battlecruiser HMAS Australia, cruiser HMAS Melbourne and the French cruiser Montcalm, occupied Samoa on 30 August. The AN&MEF then moved to Port Moresby, where it met the Queensland contingent already aboard the transport Kanowna. The force sailed for German New Guinea on 7 September, although Kanowna was left behind when her stokers refused to work. The militia were also left in Port Moresby after Holmes decided they were not sufficiently trained or equipped to be committed to the anticipated fighting. At the outbreak of war, German New Guinea was only lightly defended; even after all available reservists had reported for duty and the Melanesian police had been armed, the total strength was only 61 German officers and non-commissioned officers, and about 240 Melanesian police. To compound the defenders' problems, most of the Germans were reservists with either limited experience or who had served in the military many years earlier. The Bita Paka radio station itself was occupied by eight Germans and 60 Melanesians, under the command of Hauptmann (Captain) Hans Wuchert. Wuchert's force was assigned to defend against any hostile landing at a point near the coast, and was authorised to withdraw halfway between Toma and Bita Paka to Tobera if necessary, but only after demolishing the radio station. A company of 10 Germans and 140 Melanesians was also stationed at Herbertshöhe, commanded by Leutnant (Lieutenant) Mayer, while a squad of Melanesians at Toma under Leutnant Robert von Blumenthal ("Lord Bob") was charged with digging in and improving defences. Section outposts were established at various locations and monitored the coast from St. George's Channel to Rabaul. Despite the limits of manpower, such arrangements proved effective and the reconnaissance of the Australian Squadron on 12 August had been quickly detected, with German forces subsequently directed towards the coast to repel any invasion. Off the eastern tip of New Guinea, Berrima rendezvoused with Australia and the light cruiser HMAS Sydney and several destroyers, while Melbourne was detached to destroy the wireless station on Nauru. Melbourne arrived there on 9 September only to find that the radio station had already been disabled by its staff, with Nauru surrendering without opposition.
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＞Also included were two ～ Samoa on 30 August. ⇒（AN&MEF編成隊には）機関銃2個部隊、信号班１個部隊、および医療班１個部隊も含まれていた。クイーンズランドに本拠を置くケネディ連隊からの別の民兵大隊―サーズデイ島の守備隊に派遣された―もまた500人の志願兵が貢献した。歩兵隊募集が8月11日に始まったが、以前軍事経験を持つ新兵はごく少数だった。この軍団はウィリアム・ホームズ大佐の指揮下で8月19日にHMAS（オーストラリア軍艦）ベリマ号に乗ってシドニーを発ったが、戦艦HMASオーストラリア号、巡洋艦HMASメルボルン号、フランス巡洋艦モンカーム号に護衛されたニュージーランド軍が8月30日にサモアを占領するまでタウンズビル沖のパーム島に停留した。 ＞The AN&MEF then moved ～ to the anticipated fighting. ⇒その後、AN＆MEFはモレスビー港に移り、そこですでに輸送船カノウナ号に乗っているクイーンズランド分遣隊に会った。軍団は9月7日にドイツ領ニューギニアへ向かったが、カノウナ号は火夫（エンジン燃料係）が仕事を拒んだので取り残された。民兵もまた、ホームズが十分な訓練を受けていない、あるいは予想される戦闘への従事には装備が十分でないと判断されたので、モレスビー港に残された。 ＞At the outbreak of ～ Hauptmann (Captain) Hans Wuchert. ⇒戦争の発生時には、ドイツ領ニューギニアの防御は軽微なものに過ぎなかった。利用可能な全予備兵の任務報告をし、メラネシア警察が武装した後でさえ、総力は61人のドイツ軍将校と無任所将校、そして約240人のメラネシア人警察であった。ほとんどのドイツ軍（の兵）は経験が浅いか、何年も前に兵役を終えたかの。どちらかの予備軍人で、このことが守備隊の問題を悪化させた。ビタ・パカのラジオ局自体は、ハウプトマン・ハンス・ブッヒェルト（艦長）の指揮下で、8人のドイツ兵と60人のメラネシア兵によって占められていた。 ＞Wuchert's force was assigned ～ George's Channel to Rabaul. ⇒ブッヒェルト部隊は、海岸近くの地点で敵の上陸を阻止するように任命され、必要なら途中でトーマとビタ・パカの間のタベラへ撤退することを認められたが、ラジオ局を破壊した後にという制約がつけられた。10人のドイツ兵と140人のメラネシア兵の１個中隊も、中佐の指揮下でヘルベルトショーヘに駐留していた。一方、ロベルト・フォン・ブルメンタール（「ボブ卿」）指揮下のメラネシア兵１個分隊が塹壕掘削と守備施設改善を託されていた。前哨基地が様々な場所に設置されて、セントジョージ海峡からラバウルまでの海岸を監視していた。 ＞Despite the limits of ～ Nauru surrendering without opposition. ⇒人力の限界にもかかわらず、そのような手配が効果的であることが判明して、その後の侵略を撃退すべく、沿岸にさし向けられたドイツ軍団をもって8月12日に急遽オーストラリア軍艦隊の偵察隊が検知された。ベリマ号はニューギニアの東端を離れて、オーストラリア号、軽巡洋艦HMASシドニー号、および数隻の駆逐艦と合流したが、メルボルン号はナウルの無線局を破壊するため（の別動隊として）切り離された。メルボルン号は9月9日に到着したが、ラジオ局はすでに局員らによって無効化されていることのみが分かって、ナウルは抵抗もせずに降伏した。
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2つの機関銃部、信号部と医療部隊も含まれていた。木曜日の島駐屯地に派遣されたクイーンズランドに本拠を置くケネディ連隊からの別の大隊の民兵も500人のボランティアに貢献した。募集は8月11日に始まり、歩兵のごく少数が以前の軍事経験を持っていた。ウィリアムホームズ大佐の指揮下で、8月19日にHMASベリマに乗ってシドニーを去り、戦艦HMASオーストラリア、巡洋艦HMASメルボルン、フランス巡洋艦モントカームに護衛されたニュージーランド軍までサモアを占領した。 8月30日その後、AN＆MEFはPort Moresbyに移り、そこですでに輸送中のKanownaに乗っているクイーンズランドの部隊に会った。カノナはストーカーが仕事を拒んだときに取り残されたが、軍は9月7日にドイツのニューギニアへ向かった。ホームズが十分な訓練を受けていない、または予想される戦闘に従事するのに十分な装備がないと判断した後、民兵もポートモレスビーに残された。 戦争の発生時には、ドイツのニューギニアはほんのわずかしか防御されていなかった。利用可能なすべての予備兵が任務のために報告し、メラネシア警察が武装した後でさえも、総力は61人のドイツ人将校と任命されていない将校、そして約240人のメラネシア人警察であった。擁護者の問題を悪化させるために、ほとんどのドイツ人は経験が限られているか、何年も前に軍に勤めていたかのどちらかの予備軍人でした。 Bita Pakaラジオ局自体は、Hauptmann（Captain）Hans Wuchertの指揮下で、8人のドイツ人と60人のメラネシア人によって占領されました。ウーカートの部隊は海岸近くの地点で敵対的な着陸を防ぐために任命され、必要ならばトーマとビタパカの間の途中で撤退することを認められたが、ラジオ局を破壊した後に限られた。 10人のドイツ人と140人のメラネシア人の会社も、Leutnant（Lieutenant）Mayerが指揮するHerbertshöheに駐留していました。セクションの前哨基地は様々な場所に設置され、セントジョージ海峡からラバウルまでの海岸を監視しました。人力の限界にもかかわらず、そのような取り決めは効果的であることが証明されました、そして、8月12日にオーストラリアの艦隊の偵察はその後侵略を撃退するようにドイツ軍が海岸に向けられました。ニューギニアの東端を離れて、Berrimaはオーストラリアと軽巡洋艦HMASシドニーといくつかの駆逐艦と一緒にランデブーしたが、メルボルンはナウルの無線局を破壊するために切り離された。メルボルンは9月9日に到着しただけで、ラジオ局はすでにスタッフによって無効にされており、ナウルは反対することなく降伏した。 Google先生による。。
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The Second Army had to attack methodically after artillery preparation but managed to push back the German defenders. Intelligence reports identified a main line of resistance of the German 6th Army and 7th Army, which had been combined under the command of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, close to the advanced French troops and that a counter-offensive was imminent. On 16 August, the Germans opposed the advance with long-range artillery fire and on 17 August, the First Army reinforced the advance on Sarrebourg. When the Germans were found to have left the city Joffre ordered the Second Army to incline further to the north, which had the effect of increasing the divergence of the French armies. A German counter-attack on 20 August forced separate battles on the French armies, which were defeated and forced to retreat in disorder. The German pursuit was slow and Castelnau was able to occupy positions east of Nancy and extend the right wing towards the south, to regain touch with the First Army. During 22 August, the right flank was attacked and driven back 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the position where the offensive had begun on 14 August. The First Army withdrew but managed to maintain contact with the Second Army and on 24 August, both armies began a counter-offensive at the Trouée de Charmes and regained the line of 14 August by early September.
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— Griffith In August 1917, 127 mm (5.0 in) of rain fell, 84 mm (3.3 in) on 1, 8, 14, 26 and 27 August; the weather was also overcast and windless, which much reduced evaporation. Divided into two ten-day and an eleven-day period, there were 53.6, 32.4 and 41.3 mm (2.11, 1.28 and 1.63 in) of rain that August. In the 61 hours before 6:00 p.m. on 31 July, 12.5 mm (0.49 in) of rain fell and from 6:00 p.m. on 31 July to 6:00 p.m. on 4 August, there was 63 mm (2.5 in) of rain. There were three dry days and 14 days with less than 1 mm (0.039 in) of rain during the month. Three days were sunless and one had six minutes of sun; over 27 days there were 178.1 hours of sunshine, an average of 6.6 hours per day. The weather in August 1917 was exceptionally bad and Haig had been justified in expecting that the weather would not impede offensive operations, because rain would have been dried by the expected summer sunshine and breezes. Petain had committed the French Second Army to an attack at Verdun in mid-July, in support of the operations in Flanders. The attack was delayed, partly due to the mutinies which had affected the French army after the failure of the Nivelle Offensive and also because of a German attack at Verdun from 28–29 June, which captured some of the ground intended as a jumping-off point for the French attack. A French counter-attack on 17 July re-captured the ground, the Germans regained it on 1 August, then took ground on the east bank on 16 August. The battle began on 20 August and by 9 September, had taken 10,000 prisoners. Fighting continued sporadically into October, adding to the German difficulties on the Western Front and elsewhere. Ludendorff wrote: On the left bank, close to the Meuse, one division had failed ... and yet both here and in Flanders everything possible had been done to avoid failure ... The French army was once more capable of the offensive. It had quickly overcome its depression. — Ludendorff: Memoirs yet there was no German counter-attack, because the local Eingreif divisions were in Flanders.
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