World War I: Battle of the Yser and the Resistance of Defenders

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  • During World War I, the resistance of the defenders in the Battle of the Yser played a crucial role in detaining German troops.
  • The failure to save Antwerp and the destruction of the outer forts allowed the defenders to resist and delay German operations against Ypres and the coast.
  • The Belgian Army strategically withdrew and established defensive positions along the Yser, preventing the Germans from turning the Allied northern flank.
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In the History of the Great War (1915–1948), the official British account of World War I, J. E. Edmonds wrote that although the operations to save Antwerp had failed, the resistance of the defenders (after the outer forts were destroyed) detained German troops, when they were needed for operations against Ypres and the coast. Ostend and Zeebrugge were captured unopposed, while further west Nieuwpoort (Nieuport) and Dunkirk were held by the Allies, which thwarted the final German attempt to turn the Allied northern flank. The troops from Antwerp were also needed to cover the approach of four German corps towards Ypres, which caused delays to all the German manoeuvres in the north. Edmonds wrote that it had been a mistake to assume that second line troops were sufficient to hold fortifications and that the effect on recruits and over-aged reservists of being subjected to heavy artillery-fire, which destroyed "impregnable" defences as the field forces retreated to safety, had a deleterious effect on morale, which could only be resisted by first-class troops. A large amount of ammunition and many of the 2,500 guns at Antwerp were captured intact by the Germans. The c. 80,000 surviving men of the Belgian field army escaped westwards, with most of the Royal Naval Division. The British lost 57 killed, 138 wounded, 1,479 interned and 936 taken prisoner. The Belgian forces which had escaped from Antwerp had been in action for two months and the King planned to withdraw west of a line from St Omer–Calais to rest the army, incorporate recruits and train replacements but was persuaded to assemble the army on a line from Dixmude, north to the port of Nieuport and Furnes 5 miles (8.0 km) to the south-west of the port to maintain occupation of Belgian territory. The Belgian Army continued its retirement on 11 and 12 October, covered by the original Cavalry Division and a second one formed from divisional cavalry, along with cyclists and motor machine-gun sections. On 14 October the Belgian army began to dig in along the Yser, the 6th and 5th Divisions to the north of French territorial divisions from Boesinghe, along the Yser canal to Dixmude, where the Fusiliers Marins had formed a bridgehead, covered by the artillery of the Belgian 3rd Division, with the rest of the division in reserve at Lampernisse to the west. The 4th, 1st and 2nd Divisions prolonged the line north with advanced posts at Beerst, Keyem, Schoore and Mannekensvere, about 1-mile (1.6 km) forward on the east bank. A bridgehead was also held near the coast around Lombartzyde and Westende to cover Nieuport, with the 2nd Cavalry Division in reserve. On 18 October the German III Reserve Corps from Antwerp, began operations against Belgian outposts on the east bank from Dixmude to the sea, in the Battle of the Yser (16–31 October).

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＞In the History of the Great War ～ the Allied northern flank. ⇒世界大戦に関する英国広報担当官J.E.エドモンズは、『第一次世界大戦の歴史』（1915－1948年）にこう書いた。すなわち、アントワープを救うための作戦は失敗したが、（外環砦が破壊された後の）守備隊の抵抗により、イープルと海岸に対する作戦のために必要とされたときのドイツ軍が拘束を受けた、と。オステンドとゼーブルッヘは抵抗の術もなく攻略されたが、さらに西のニューポートとダンキルクを連合国軍が保持したことで、連合国軍の北側面に回り込もうとするドイツ軍最後の試みは妨害された。 ＞The troops from Antwerp ～ by first-class troops. ⇒アントワープから来た軍隊は、ドイツ4個軍団によるイープルへの接近を擁護する必要があったので、それが北部の全ドイツ軍による機動作戦を遅らせる原因となった。エドモンズはこう書いた。すなわち、第2戦線の軍隊が要塞を保持するのに十分であると仮定し、新兵と年老いた予備兵を激しい砲兵射撃にさらしたのは間違いであった。安全のために野戦軍団が退却したことで、「難攻不落の」防護施設が破壊され、士気に有害な影響を与えた。そして、それは一流の軍隊によってのみ抵抗できることであった、と。 ＞A large amount of ammunition ～ occupation of Belgian territory. ⇒アントワープで大量の弾薬と2,500丁もの銃砲がそっくりそのままドイツ軍によって捕獲された。ベルギー野戦方面軍では約80,000人の兵士が生存していたが、その大部分は英国海軍師団と共に西側に逃走した。英国軍では57人が死亡し、138人が負傷し、1,479人が抑留され、936人が囚人となった。アントワープから脱出したベルギー軍は（その後も）2か月間活動していたが、王は方面軍をサント・メール–カレーから戦線の西に撤退させて休ませ、新兵を組み入れて補充兵を訓練することを計画していたところだったが、ベルギー領土の占領を維持するためにディクスムードから北のニューポートの港まで、そして、この港の南西へ5マイル（8キロ）のフルネス（に至る）戦線上に方面軍を集めるよう説得された。 ＞The Belgian Army continued ～ at Lampernisse to the west. ⇒ベルギー軍は、10月11日と12日に退去を継続したが、それを援護した当初からの騎兵師団のあとを受けたのは師団の騎兵隊、および自転車隊や自動車機関銃の部隊で構成された。10月14日、ベルギー軍はイゼールに沿って塹壕を掘り始め、第6、第5師団がボージンゲからディクスムードに通じるイゼール運河に沿ってフランス国防義勇軍師団の北へ向かった。そこでは、ベルギー軍第3師団砲兵隊やその西のランパーニス予備師団の残り兵らの援護を受けて、火打石銃海兵隊が橋頭を形成していた。 ※この段落、構文がむずかしくてよく分かりません。誤訳の節はどうぞ悪しからず。 ＞The 4th, 1st and 2nd Divisions ～ Battle of the Yser (16–31 October). ⇒第4、第1、第2師団は、ベールスト、ケイェム、ショーレ、およびマネケンスヴェレの北戦線を延長し、東岸を約1.6キロ進んだ。また、ニューポートを擁護するためにロンバルツィドやウェステンド周辺の海岸近くで橋頭堡を保持し、そこに第2騎兵師団が予備として控えていた。10月18日、「イゼールの戦い」（10月16日－31日）の中で、アントワープのドイツ第III予備軍団がディクスムードから海までの間の東岸にあるベルギー軍前哨基地に対する作戦行動を開始した。

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    In northern France, German troops engaged in mutual outflanking attempts, from the Aisne northwards since September, had reached Arras. Lens was captured by I Bavarian Reserve Corps on 5 October. Three German cavalry corps had attempted another flanking manoeuvre to the north and IV Cavalry Corps had reached Zwartberg and Mont des Cats near Ypres. The advance of the German army threatened to block the western retreat route of the Belgian army out of Antwerp. On 6 October discussions between the British and Belgians, led to a decision to withdraw the field army to the west bank of the Scheldt, where it could maintain contact with a relieving force and avoid the danger of being trapped on the east bank. On the night of 6/7 October the 1st, 3rd and 5th divisions crossed the river and joined the Cavalry, 4th and 6th divisions, as the eight forts of the inner ring were taken over by fortress troops. Intervening trenches between forts 2 and 7 were occupied by the two British naval brigades and the 4th and 7th Fortress regiments, with the Belgian 2nd Division and British Marine Brigade in reserve. The British forces under the command of Major-General Archibald Paris, were ordered by First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill to continue the defence for as long as possible and to be ready to cross to the west bank rather than participate in a surrender. Early on 7 October, two battalions of Landwehr Regiment 37 were able to cross the Scheldt at Schoonaerde by boat, during a thick fog. The Belgian 6th Division made several counter-attacks which were repulsed and a bridge was built by the evening over which the rest of the Landwehr crossed. The width of the escape route from Antwerp, had been reduced to fewer than 12 miles (19 km), which led to the Belgian commanders ordering the field army to retreat behind the Terneuzen Canal, which ran from Ghent northwards to the Dutch border. The 1st and 5th divisions, which had lost most casualties and a brigade each of the 3rd and 6th divisions moved first and the remaining troops less the 2nd Division in Antwerp, formed a flank guard on the Scheldt and the Durme. The Belgian army headquarters moved to Zelzate 25 miles (40 km) further west. A Belgian improvised brigade was at Ghent and British troops in the area were requested to move to Ghent, after a German cavalry division was reported to be near Kruishoutem 12 miles (19 km) to the south-west. Later in the day German troops entered fort Broechem and the Massenhoven redoubt to the north unopposed, which widened the gap in the Antwerp defence perimeter to 14 miles (23 km) and began to move German super-heavy artillery over the Nete, which took until 8 October. At 11:25 p.m. on 7 October German 6-inch (150 mm) howitzers began to bombard the city.

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    De Witte repulsed the German cavalry attacks by ordering the cavalry, which included a company of cyclists and one of pioneers to fight dismounted and meet the attack with massed rifle fire. Significant casualties were inflicted upon the Germans. The German cavalry had managed to obscure the operations on the German right flank and established a front parallel with Liège and discovered the positions of the Belgian field army but had not been able to penetrate beyond the Belgian front line and discover Belgian dispositions beyond. Although a Belgian victory, the battle had little strategic effect and the Germans later besieged and captured the fortified areas of Namur, Liège and Antwerp, on which Belgian strategy hinged. The German advance was stopped at the Battle of the Yser at the end of October 1914, by which time the Germans had driven Belgian and Allied troops out of most of Belgium and imposed a military government.

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