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質問

Sullivan called Caporetto "the greatest defeat in Italian military history." Schindler wrote "By any standard, Twelfth Isonzo [Caporetto] and its aftermath represented an unprecedented catastrophe for Italian arms." The disaster "came as a shock" and "triggered a search for scapegoats," culminating in a 1919 Italian military commission that investigated the causes of the debacle. At Rapallo, a Supreme War Council was created to improve Allied military co-operation and develop a common strategy. Luigi Cadorna was forced to resign after the defeat, a final straw according to the Prime Minister, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. Cadorna was known to have maintained poor relations with the other generals on his staff and by the start of the battle, had sacked 217 generals, 255 colonels and 355 battalion commanders. In addition, he was detested by his troops as being too harsh. Cadorna had been directing the battle 20 miles (32 km) behind the front and retreated another 100 mi (160 km) to Padua when replaced by Armando Diaz and Pietro Badoglio. Italian propaganda offices were established, promising land and social justice to soldiers. Italy also accepted a more cautious military strategy from this point on. Diaz concentrated his efforts on rebuilding his shattered forces while taking advantage of the national rejuvenation that had been spurred by invasion and defeat.Italian losses were enormous: 10,000 were killed, 30,000 wounded and 265,000 were taken prisoner – morale was so low among the Italian troops, mainly due to Cadorna's harsh disciplinary regime, that most of these surrendered willingly. 3,152 artillery pieces, 3,000 machine guns and 1,712 mortars were lost, along with a vast amount of stores and equipment. In contrast, the Austro-Hungarians and Germans only sustained 70,000 casualties. The last push of Austro-Hungarian and German forces was met and defeated by Italian forces at the First Battle of Monte Grappa: they had advanced more than 100 km (62 mi) in the direction of Venice, but they were not able to cross the Piave River. Although up to this point the Italians had been left to fight on their own, after Caporetto they were reinforced by six French infantry divisions and five British infantry divisions as well as sizeable air contingents.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞9月30日に投稿した質問があるのですが、回答いただけますと幸いです。
⇒はい、ちょうど順番ですので、前便に続き以下のとおりお答えします。

＞Sullivan called Caporetto "the greatest defeat in Italian military history." Schindler wrote "By any standard, Twelfth Isonzo [Caporetto] and its aftermath represented an unprecedented catastrophe for Italian arms." The disaster "came as a shock" and "triggered a search for scapegoats," culminating in a 1919 Italian military commission that investigated the causes of the debacle. At Rapallo, a Supreme War Council was created to improve Allied military co-operation and develop a common strategy.
⇒サリヴァンは、カポレットを「イタリア軍隊史上で最も大きい失敗」と呼んだ。シンドラーはこう書いた。「どのような標準によっても、第12次イゾンツォ〔カポレット〕（の戦い）およびその余波は、イタリア軍の武器力にとって前例のない大災害であった」と。その災害は、「大打撃の襲来となって」、「スケープゴートの検索が引き起こされ」、結果として1919年の総崩れの原因を調査するイタリア軍隊委員会の出現となった。ラパッロでは、連合国軍隊の協力を改善し、共通の戦略を開発するために、「最高軍事会議」が創設された。

＞Luigi Cadorna was forced to resign after the defeat, a final straw according to the Prime Minister, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. Cadorna was known to have maintained poor relations with the other generals on his staff and by the start of the battle, had sacked 217 generals, 255 colonels and 355 battalion commanders. In addition, he was detested by his troops as being too harsh. Cadorna had been directing the battle 20 miles (32 km) behind the front and retreated another 100 mi (160 km) to Padua when replaced by Armando Diaz and Pietro Badoglio. Italian propaganda offices were established, promising land and social justice to soldiers.
⇒ルイジ・カドルナは、総理大臣ビットリオ・エマニュエレ・オルランドに従った最終のかすかな望みがついえた後で、辞任を余儀なくされた。カドルナは、彼の配下の参謀将校らとの関係が薄弱であったことが知られていて、戦いの開始によって217人の将軍、255人の大佐、および355人の大隊司令官を首にした。さらに、彼は厳しすぎるとして配下の軍隊に嫌われていた。カドルナは、前線の20マイル（32キロ）後ろでの戦いを指示し、アルマンド・ディアスとピエトロ・バドリオによって交代させられる時、別途パドワまで100マイル（160キロ）退却した。イタリア軍の情宣事務局が設立されて、兵士に土地および社会的公正を約束した。

＞Italy also accepted a more cautious military strategy from this point on. Diaz concentrated his efforts on rebuilding his shattered forces while taking advantage of the national rejuvenation that had been spurred by invasion and defeat. Italian losses were enormous: 10,000 were killed, 30,000 wounded and 265,000 were taken prisoner – morale was so low among the Italian troops, mainly due to Cadorna's harsh disciplinary regime, that most of these surrendered willingly. 3,152 artillery pieces, 3,000 machine guns and 1,712 mortars were lost, along with a vast amount of stores and equipment.
⇒イタリア軍はまた、この時点から、より用心深い軍隊戦略を受け入れいていった。ディアスは、侵略と失敗によって駆り立てられて全国的な若返り策を取る一方、彼の粉砕された軍隊を再建することに努力を傾注した。イタリアの損失は巨大であった。すなわち、10,000人が殺され、30,000人が負傷し、265,000人が囚人として捕縛された－イタリア軍の間では、主にカドルナの厳しい規律のせいで士気があまりに低かったので、彼らの多くが進んで降服したのであった。3,152門の大砲、3,000台の機関銃、および1,712門の迫撃砲が、莫大な量の備品や装備品とともに失われた。

＞In contrast, the Austro-Hungarians and Germans only sustained 70,000 casualties. The last push of Austro-Hungarian and German forces was met and defeated by Italian forces at the First Battle of Monte Grappa: they had advanced more than 100 km (62 mi) in the direction of Venice, but they were not able to cross the Piave River. Although up to this point the Italians had been left to fight on their own, after Caporetto they were reinforced by six French infantry divisions and five British infantry divisions as well as sizeable air contingents.
⇒これと対比して、オーストリア－ハンガリー軍とドイツ軍は、わずか70,000人の死傷者数を維持していた。（しかし）オーストリア－ハンガリー軍とドイツ軍の最後の突撃は、「第1次モンテ・グラッパの戦い」でイタリア軍団に迎え撃ちされて、敗北した。すなわち彼らは、ベニスの方向に100キロ（62マイル）以上も進んだが、ピアヴェ川を横切ることができなかったのである。この時点までは、イタリア軍は自軍だけで戦うことを任せられていたが、カポレット（の戦い）以後は、かなりの航空隊派遣団だけでなく、フランス軍の6個歩兵師団および英国軍の5個歩兵師団によって補強された。

お礼

回答ありがとうございました。