イギリスの植民地とアメリカの独立の関係について
- イギリスの植民地が増える一方でアメリカが独立の動きを見せ始めたため、イギリスは植民地制度を改革する必要がありました。
- この改革は、効果的な政府や防衛を提供するプロセスを簡素化するために行われました。
- イギリスのアメリカ帝国の拡大に伴い、イギリスは迅速に植民地制度を改革する必要があったのです。
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英文の訳出について
英語史について書かれたテキストの一部分で、近現代において、英語が世界に広まったことと植民地主義の間にどのような関係があったのか、ということについて書かれた章です。 以下の文章の前後では、イギリスの支配する植民地が増える一方でアメリカが独立の動きを見せ始めたところなのですが、以下の英文の意味がどうしても理解できないので力を貸していただきたいです。 Because of the expansion of their American empire, the British quickly found it necessary to reform their colonial system in order to streamline the process of providing effective government and defence. よろしくお願いします。
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The outbreak of World War I in Europe led to the increased popularity of German colonial expansion and the creation of a Deutsch-Mittelafrika ("German Central Africa") which would parallel a resurgent German Empire in Europe. Mittelafrika effectively involved the annexation of territory, mostly occupied by the Belgian Congo, in order to link the existing German colonies in East, South-west and West Africa. The territory would dominate central Africa and would make Germany as by far the most powerful colonial power on the African continent.Nevertheless, the German colonial military in Africa was weak, poorly equipped and widely dispersed. Although better trained and more experienced than their opponents, many of the German soldiers were reliant on weapons like the Model 1871 rifle which used obsolete black powder. At the same time, however, the militaries of the Allied powers were also encountering similar problems of poor equipment and low numbers; most colonial militaries were intended to serve as local paramilitary police to suppress resistance to colonial rule and were neither equipped nor structured to fight wars.
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- 英文の訳出について
英語史のテキストの中で、以下はピジン語について書かれた部分なのですが、うまく訳せないので力を貸していただきたいです。 できれば文構造の解説もしてもらいたいです。 Alongside the standard varieties of English that were in use for official purposes, there also emerged language varieties which sociolinguists call pidgins. A pidgin is a language that arises when two or more different speech communities use their respective languages as the basis for a very basic language with a limited set of functions. よろしくお願いします。
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- 英文解釈でわからないところがあります
英文解釈でわからないところがあります 大学受験生です。 The significance of malaria in colonial history can scarcely be overrated,for it was a major hurdle in the development of the American colonies. To the newly arrived settlers or "fresh Europeans," it frequently proved fatal. この文章で、解説を読んでも理解できないところがありました。 ●The significance of malaria in colonial history can scarcely be overrated, 「植民地の歴史において、マラリアが持つ事の重大性についてはいくら評価しても評価し足りないほどだ。」 『いくら評価しても評価し足りないほどだ。』となる所がよく分かりません・・。 ●To the newly arrived settlers or "fresh Europeans," 「ついたばかりの開拓者、すなわち『新参のヨーロッパ人』にとって」 これについてはTo～（にとって）以外の部分の構造が分かりません・・・ また、こんな私が復習すべき所はどの分野でしょうか。 回答宜しくお願いいたします
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Charbonneau explained that the defeat of the Colonial Corps was caused by faulty reconnaissance, the ineffectiveness of advanced guards in causing delay to advancing German units and that French offensive tactics neglected the importance of obtaining a superiority of fire, which had led to reckless attacks. The quality of the German opponents was not mentioned but German reconnaissance had been effective, communication between commanders and subordinates had not broken down, mutual support between neighbouring units had occurred and German artillery had provided continuous close fire support. At Neufchâteau, the French colonial infantry had been out-gunned and outnumbered by German units, which had been able to engage all their forces quickly. The French XII Corps had a greater number of guns but was not able to overcome two German infantry battalions. German artillery had engaged the Colonial Brigade from close range but when in a hastily occupied defensive position, the French had nullified much of the German artillery-fire; French troops caught in the open had been annihilated. Both sides had attempted to gain fire superiority before advancing and once this had been achieved by the Germans, they had been able to manoeuvre without severe casualties
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By the end of 5 August, they were completely exhausted; their depleted ranks stumbled back to their bivouac lines at Romani and Etmaler where they were ordered one day's rest. Von Kressenstein had prepared successive lines of defence during his advance towards Romani, and despite losing one artillery battery and more than one third of his soldiers, fought a series of effective rearguard actions which slowed the pursuit by British Empire mounted troops and enabled his force to retreat back to El Arish.
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Much of the trauma and dislocation suffered by the peoples of the Middle East during the 20th century can be traced to the events surrounding World War I. During the conflict, the Ottoman Empire sided with the Central Powers against the Allies. Seeing an opportunity to liberate Arab lands from Turkish oppression, and trusting the honor of British officials who promised their support for a unified kingdom for the Arab lands, Sharif Hussein bin Ali, Emir of Mecca and King of the Arabs (and great grandfather of King Hussein), launched the Great Arab Revolt. After the conclusion of the war, however, the victors reneged on their promises to the Arabs, carving from the dismembered Ottoman lands a patchwork system of mandates and protectorates. While the colonial powers denied the Arabs their promised single unified Arab state, it is nevertheless testimony to the effectiveness of the Great Arab Revolt that the Hashemite family was able to secure Arab rule over Transjordan, Iraq and Arabia.
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- 英文和訳をお願いします。
以下の文を和訳してください。youtubeのコメント欄で見かけたものです。 largeの後のofがよくわかりませんでした。レイシスト同士の醜い言い争いを楽しんで読んでいたのですが文法的に分からなかったので質問しました。 Poland's only real problem with the Russian Empire was it never allowed Poland to be as large of a Empire as it inspired to be. よろしくお願いします。
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- 英文翻訳をお願いします。
Artillery support was similar to that of the 29th Division attack and the objective was gained quickly, with troops wearing sandbags over their boots to grip the ice. German counter-attacks failed but a greater number of casualties were inflicted after the attack, mainly by German artillery fire over the next two days. British attacks on the Fourth Army front ceased until the end of the month. The 8th Division conducted an attack on 4 March, which was prepared in great detail, a practice that had fallen into disuse in 1915, due to the dilution of skill and experience caused by the losses of 1914 and the rapid expansion of the army from 1915–1916.
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Simultaneously with the Serbian attack against Gornichevo the French and Russians began their own advance and quickly overran the first Bulgarian line forcing the forces their to retreat to the main defensive line on the Malareka Ridge. On 13 September the Allied artillery continued its barrage and the Serbians used their time only to get even closer to the Bulgarian positions. By the end of the day the Bulgarian soldiers had retired to their main defensive line on the Malka Nidzhe.
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The United States, having refused in the Senate to assume a League of Nations mandate over Armenia, decided to not participate in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The U.S. wanted a permanent peace as quickly as possible, with financial compensation for its military expenditure. However, after the American Senate rejected the Armenian mandate, its only hope was its inclusion in the treaty by the influential Greek prime minister, Eleftherios Venizelos. The treaty imposed a number of territorial losses on Turkey. It also had a number of provisions which applied to the territory, recognised as belonging to Turkey. Financial restrictions The Allies were to control the Empire's finances. The financial control extended to the approval or supervision of the national budget, financial laws and regulations, and total control over the Ottoman Bank. The Ottoman Public Debt Administration (instituted in 1881) was redesigned to include only British, French and Italian bond holders. The Ottoman debt problem dated back to the time of the Crimean War (1854–56), during which the Ottoman Empire had borrowed money from abroad, mainly from France. Also the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, which had been abolished in 1914 by Talaat Pasha, were restored. The Empire was required to grant freedom of transit to persons, goods, vessels, etc., passing through her territory, and goods in transit were to be free of all customs duties. Future developments of the tax system, the customs system, internal or external loans, import and export duties, or concessions could not be arranged without the consent of the financial commission of the Allied Powers. To forestall the economic re-penetration of Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Bulgaria the treaty demanded that the Empire liquidate the property of citizens of those countries in its territories. This public liquidation was to be turned over to the Reparations Commission. Property rights of the Baghdad Railway passed out of German control. Military restrictions The Ottoman Army was to be restricted to 50,700 men; the Ottoman Navy could only preserve seven sloops and six torpedo boats; and the Ottoman State was prohibited from obtaining an air force. The treaty included an inter-allied commission of control and organisation to supervise the execution of the military clauses.
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