DNAから犯罪者の目の色を予測する新たな遺伝学研究
- オランダの研究チームが、犯罪現場から回収されたDNAから犯罪者の目の色を予測する新しい方法を開発しました。
- この研究により、古代DNAを使用して初期の現代人やネアンデルタール人のプロファイルを作成することも可能です。
- さらに、目の色は多くの遺伝子によって決定されるため、心臓病など多くの遺伝子に影響を受ける疾患の予測遺伝子検査への期待も高まります。
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Police might soon be able to tell the eye colour of criminals from DNA recovered from crime scenes, thanks to a new genetic study. A team of scientists led by Manfred Kayser, of Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, has developed a method that predicts eye colour with unprecedented accuracy. The method could also be used on ancient DNA to profile early modern humans or even Neanderthals. And as eye colour is determined by many genes, the work also raises hopes for predictive genetic tests for diseases that are influenced by numerous genes, such as heart disease. Kayser's team looked at DNA from more than 6,000, Dutch Europeans from Rotterdam. About 68% of these people had blue eyes, whereas around 23% had brown eyes. The researchers focused on eight genes known to be associated with eye colour. These genes code for proteins involved in the production or distribution of the iris, skin, and the hair pigments eumelanin and pheomelanin. The strongest effect on eye colour is determined by two adjacent genes, OCA2 and HERC2, on chromosome 15, but these don't paint the full picture. Kayser's team zeroed in on 37 sites of genetic variation in the eight genes. These sites — called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) — are points where one of the four letters in the DNA code of chemical bases is substituted for another. よろしくお願いしますorz
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警察は犯行現場で採取されたDNAから直ちに犯人の眼の色を断定できそうなことから、新たな遺伝子の研究に感謝している。 ロッテルダムのエラムス大学メディカルセンターのマンフレッド・カイザーが率いるチームは、これまでにない正確さで眼の色を特定する方法を開発している。 古いDNAにその方法を用いれば、近代初期の人間どころかネアンデルタール人までその輪郭をつかむことができるのだ。 また、眼の色は多くの遺伝子によって決定することから、この研究により、心臓病などの多数の遺伝子の影響を受ける病気を遺伝子検査で予見する望みも出ている。 カイザーのチームはロッテルダム在住のヨーロッパ系オランダ人6,000人以上のDNAを調査した。 そのうちの23パーセント前後が茶色の眼であったのに対して、約68パーセントが青い眼だった。 研究の対象になったのは、眼の色に関係することが知られている８つの遺伝子だ。 これらの遺伝子コードは、虹彩や皮膚や毛髪を作り出す、つまりこれらを色分けするタンパク質を指定するもので、ユーメラニン（真性メラニン）とフェロメラニン（黄色メラニン）による発色を決定する。 眼の色に最も影響を及ぼすのは、15番染色体に存在するOCA２とHERC２の隣接した２つの遺伝子だが、これらの遺伝子だけで眼の色が決まるわけではない。 カイザーのチームはこの８つの遺伝子に遺伝的変異が生じた37のサイトに注目した。 「一塩基多型」（SNPs）と呼ばれるこれらのサイトは、化学主成分のDNAコードの４つの文字のうちの1つが他の１つの代わりとなっている部分である。
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はじめまして Police might soon be able to tell the eye colour of criminals from DNA recovered from crime scenes, thanks to a new genetic study. A team of scientists led by Manfred Kayser, of Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, has developed a method that predicts eye colour with unprecedented accuracy. The method could also be used on ancient DNA to profile early modern humans or even Neanderthals. And as eye colour is determined by many genes, the work also raises hopes for predictive genetic tests for diseases that are influenced by numerous genes, such as heart disease. Kayser's team looked at DNA from more than 6,000, Dutch Europeans from Rotterdam. About 68% of these people had blue eyes, whereas around 23% had brown eyes. The researchers focused on eight genes known to be associated with eye colour. These genes code for proteins involved in the production or distribution of the iris, skin, and the hair pigments eumelanin and pheomelanin. The strongest effect on eye colour is determined by two adjacent genes, OCA2 and HERC2, on chromosome 15, but these don't paint the full picture. Kayser's team zeroed in on 37 sites of genetic variation in the eight genes. These sites — called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) — are points where one of the four letters in the DNA code of chemical bases is substituted for another. これを訳せばいいのですね？ 直訳になりますが 新しい遺伝子の研究のおかげで、犯人の眼の色と犯行現場から回収されるDNAを見分けることが、警察はすぐにできるかもしれません。 マンフレッド・カイザー（ロッテルダムのエラスムス大学Medicalセンターの）によってリードされる一連の科学者は、先例のない正確さで眼の色を予測する方法を開発しました。 方法が、現代の人間またはネアンデルタール前半さえプロフィールに古代のDNAの上で使われることもできました。 そして、眼の色が多くの遺伝子で測定されて、多数の遺伝子（例えば心臓病）によって影響される病気のために、仕事も前兆となる遺伝子検査に対する望みを与えます。 カイザーのチームは、6,000以上（ロッテルダムからのオランダ人のヨーロッパ人）から、DNAを見ました。 これらの人々のおよそ68%は青い目がありました、ところが、およそ23%は茶色の目がありました。 研究者は、眼の色と関係していることを知られている8つの遺伝子に集中しました。 虹彩、皮膚と髪の生成または配布に関係するタンパク質のためのこれらの遺伝子コードは、正常メラニンとフェオメラニンを着色します。 15番染色体の上で、眼の色の上で最も強い影響は2つの隣接した遺伝子、OCA2とHERC2で測定されます、しかし、これらは全体像を塗りません。 カイザーのチームは、8つの遺伝子で遺伝的変異の37の現場に焦点を定めました。 これらのサイト — 一つのヌクレオチド多形性（SNP）と呼ばれています — 化学主成分のDNAコードの4通の手紙の1通がもう一つを代えられる点です。 これでよろしいでしょうか？ このサイトでわざわざ質問しなくても 翻訳サイトはいろいろあります とりあえずＵＲＬ載せときます Ｙａｈｏｏ http://honyaku.yahoo.co.jp/ 楽天インフォシーク http://translation.infoseek.ne.jp/ エキサイト http://www.excite.co.jp/world/ｘｃｉｔｅ です 活用なさって下さい
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翻訳サイトは知っているのですがあまりにも日本語が意味不明になっているのが多すぎて…
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The scientists used powerful mathematical algorithms to find the smallest subset of these SNPs that could be used to predict eye colour accurately and found six that predicted blue and brown eye colour with just over 90% accuracy. The team report their work in Current Biology. The accuracy of the test was lower — just over 70% — for eyes of other colours. Most people have brown or blue eyes, with blue the dominant colour for those with roots in Northern Europe but brown predominating among those with ancestors from Southern Europe or from elsewhere in the world. So far, the test has been shown to be accurate only for Dutch people of European ancestry. Further work would be needed before the test could be used in other countries. The best predictive tests to date have only had an accuracy of around 80%, Kayser says. "That's not bad but it is not accurate enough for forensics," he says. The Netherlands Forensic Institute plans to use the new method in forensic case work within a year. Dutch laws allow use of DNA to predict eye colour. But Kayser notes that many countries would have to change their legislation to allow the test to be used in forensic applications. Forensic geneticist Peter de Knijff, of the Netherland's Leiden University Medical Center, says that the results will spur the race to develop more reliable genetic tests for hair and skin colour. "Those three — eye colour, hair colour, skin colour — combined with a rather accurate global test for the inference of the geographical origin of an individual will probably be built into a general package that you could use to get information about an unknown suspect," he says. The method could, in theory, also be used to predict the eye colour of a fetus — fuelling fears about 'designer' babies. "That would have different ethical and legal implications," Kayser stresses. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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Several groups of scientists have been working on projects to revive the mammoth. One, for example, is the French explorer, Bernard Buigues, and his team. In December 1997, they used new technology to dig out a mammoth which had been in the Arctic ground for about 23,000 years. Then they carried it by helicopter to a research center in Khatanga, a small in Siberia. What the scientists did in the center was to thaw small parts of the animal and look for clues―that could tell us more about the world of the mammoth. They also wanted to collect DNA from the animal and examine its genetic makeup.
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Another group involved in mammoth research was an international team headed by Dr. Goto Kazufumi. There were 33 scientists on this team. They were Japanese, Russian, and British. In August 1997, they went on their first expedition to look for a mammoth. At that time, they were only able to find mammoth bones. They said, "If there were also piece of skin, we could get some mammoth DNA." In August 1999, Dr. Goto tried again to find a mammoth with a second team made up of 26 Japanese and Russian scientists. This time they found a piece of mammoth skin, but it was not in good enough condition to use the DNA. The Japanese project is now led by Dr. Iritani Akira, and they keep trying to find mammoths. In 2002, they found another frozen mammoth in Siberia. A piece of flesh taken from it was brought to Japan in July 2003. its DNA was also not well preserved, but the team didn't give up the project.
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題名：Patterns of inheritance 前置き Follow on from Science Foundations inheritance and selection 16 Genes are in pairs. Some characteristics are controlled by one pair of genes. Different forms of a gene are called alleles. Different alleles produce diffrent features. メンデルの生い立ち Mendel was a monk in a monastery in what is now the Czech Republic. His work was published in Brunn in 1865. However, its importance was not recognised for over 35 years. 本文１ The work of Gregor Mendel Mendel worked out the pattern of inheritance of several characteristics of peas. It was lucky that he chose peas. They have lots of characteristics controlled by a single pair of genes. They are also easy to grow and cross-pollinate. まだあるのですが勝手な都合からとりあえず今はここまでとさせていただきます。 英語はめっきりなので、どうか訳お願いします。
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Joffre began to dismiss commanders in early August, beginning with the VII Corps commander Bonneau and by 6 September had removed two army, ten corps and 38 divisional commanders, by transferring them to Limoges ("Limogé"). The VII Corps in the south was reinforced by two divisions, a cavalry division and the First Group of Reserve Divisions. The corps was renamed the Army of Alsace, to relieve the First Army of concern about Alsace during the operations in Lorraine. Two corps were removed from the Second Army and became a strategic reserve.Joffre met Sir John French on 16 August and learned that the British could be ready by 24 August, Joffre also arranged for Territorial divisions to cover the area from Maubeuge to Dunkirk. The German siege of the Liège forts ended on 16 August and the 1st and 2nd armies with twelve corps and the 3rd Army with four corps, began to advance behind cavalry screens. On 18 August, Joffre ordered the Fifth Army to prepare for a German offensive on both banks of the Meuse or to meet a small force on the north bank. The Fifth Army began to move towards Namur, in the angle of the Meuse and Sambre rivers on 19 August, which required a march of 100 kilometres (62 mi) by some units.
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Lance Sergeant Elmer Cotton described the effects of chlorine gas, It produces a flooding of the lungs – it is an equivalent death to drowning only on dry land. The effects are these – a splitting headache and terrific thirst (to drink water is instant death), a knife edge of pain in the lungs and the coughing up of a greenish froth off the stomach and the lungs, ending finally in insensibility and death. The colour of the skin from white turns a greenish black and yellow, the colour protrudes and the eyes assume a glassy stare. It is a fiendish death to die. — Cotton[35]The First Attack on Bellewaarde was conducted by the 3rd Division of V Corps on 16 June 1915 and the Second Attack on Bellewaarde, a larger operation, was conducted from 25–26 September 1915 by the 3rd Division and the 14th Division of VI Corps. The Battle of Mont Sorrel (2–13 June 1916) took place south of Ypres with the 20th Division (XIV Corps) and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian divisions of the Canadian Corps. The Third Battle of Ypres, also known as the Battle of Passchendaele, was fought from 31 July to 10 November 1917. The Battle of Trekkopjes on 26 April 1915 was a German assault on the South African held town of Trekkopjes during the South West Africa Campaign of World War I. The South African Major Skinner had been ordered to defend Trekkopjes, and came into contact with a German column advancing on that town. Skinner withdrew back into Trekkopjes and dug in his forces. The German attack was repulsed with the help of armoured cars, leaving the South Africans victorious. The Battle of Trekkopjes saw the last German offensive in German South West Africa leaving them on the defensive for the remainder of the campaign. After losing significant ground to the South Africans under Botha, the German army under Franke in German Southwest Africa began preparations to go on the offensive again. By mid April it was decided to attack the South African held town of Trekkopjes, and a German scout plane had gathered intelligence of the South African forces holding the town.At 5:45 A.M. the Germans appeared close to Trekkopjes and blew the rail line to the east of the camp in an attempt to prevent Allied reinforcements from arriving. By 7:40 the Germans began their attack on the Allied positions by shelling the encampment's tents with artillery. Since Colonel Skinner's men lacked artillery they were unable to respond to the German shelling, and waited until the Germans assaulted their position. After five hours of fighting the South Africans forced the Germans to retreat by attacking their flanks with machine guns mounted in armoured cars. Though neither side suffered heavy casualties, the German defeat greatly demoralized Franke's men. For the rest of the campaign the Germans would stay on the defensive and were pushed further and further back until the main body finally surrendered a few months later after the Battle of Otavi.
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The attack was repulsed with 331 casualties and an advance on Ecoust and Croisilles by infantry of the 18th Division with cavalry and artillery on the flanks was repulsed by fire from about fifteen machine-guns and six field guns; Gough ordered that attacks on the German outpost line were to stop until more artillery was available. The British advance in the Fourth Army area reached the Somme rapidly from 17 to 20 March, with a continuous pursuit by vanguards and the main body moving forward by bounds between lines of resistance up to the Somme river and Canal du Nord, which ran north-to-south from Offoy to Péronne, then paused while the river was bridged, with a priority of light bridges for infantry first, pontoon or trestle bridges for wagons and field artillery and then heavy bridges for mechanical transport and heavy artillery.
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The buildings of Nesle, Ham, Noyon and several villages were excepted from the plan and 10,000–15,000 French civilians were to be left behind in them, while 150,000 able-bodied civilians were to be evacuated to work in the rest of occupied France and Belgium. A 35-day timetable for the demolition plan was prepared to be followed by two marching days for the troops on the flanks of the area, three for the troops between Nauroy and Coucy le Chateau and four marching days for those between St. Quentin and La Fère. Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition, the garrisons were exhausted and postal censors reported tiredness and low morale, which left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle. The German defences on the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks in January 1917, which caused Rupprecht to urge on 28 January, that the retirement to the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) begin.
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About this time the Ottoman Seventh Army formed a provisional cavalry regiment by combining the cavalry companies which had previously been attached to several infantry divisions; these were the 11th, 24th, 48th and 53rd Divisions. Designed to be a surprise raid by mounted troops, the movements of Shea's force in the difficult terrain and weather, had proved to be too slow and restricted and the element of surprise was lost. The attack did, however, force the recall of a German and Ottoman expedition to Tafileh; attempts to maintain a permanent garrison there, were abandoned. The strong incursion by Shea's and Chaytor's forces materially helped Feisal's force; the Ottoman 4th Army withdrew part of its garrison from Maan to help defend Amman just as Feisal began his attack there. These major troop movements; the recall of the Tafileh expedition and the partial withdrawal from Maan, helped strengthen the operations of Feisal's Arabs and the threat to the Ottoman lines of communication east of the Jordan, compelling the Ottoman army to make a permanent increase to their forces in this area. Large new Ottoman camps were established to support the growing lower Jordan defences which included a large garrison at Shunet Nimrin. These troops moved from Nablus by the Jenin railway and then by road down the Wady Fara to the Jisr ed Damieh, where the ford was replaced by a pontoon bridge. It remained an important line of communication between the 7th Army at Nablus in the west and the 4th Army in the eastern sector. For the first time since the Second Battle of Gaza in April 1917, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force had been defeated; both Shea and Chetwode had opposed the attack on Amman at that time of year, believing the attacking force to be too small. Nevertheless, a second unsuccessful assault by one infantry and two mounted divisions, into the hills of Moab to Es Salt followed just a few weeks later at the end of April. It has been suggested that these two unsuccessful operations convinced the Ottoman Army to expect more attacks to be made in the same area by the same troops, while the breakthrough attack in September 1918 occurred on the Mediterranean coast.
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