The Declared Search for Security: The Contradictory Situation in Post-War Germany
- The Germans in the Federal Republic sought security through the creation of a new army equipped with nuclear weapons. However, this led to a threat to military security and an increase in political insecurity for both East and West Germans.
- Adenauer, with his Western policy and conservative governing style, shaped an era characterized by a transatlantic attitude. His main concerns were achieving sovereignty for West Germany and promoting Western integration despite opposition from the SPD.
- Adenauer accepted the division of Germany, emphasizing the need for Western integration and a policy of strength against the USSR to achieve unity.
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。
これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 The declared ‘search for security’ (as Eckart Conze calls it) of the Germans in the Federal Republic was to be carried out by means of the creation of a new army and its being equipped with nuclear weapons, giving rise to the contradictory situation that this policy simultaneously led to a threat to military security for Germans in East and West and an increase in their political insecurity, particularly since the potential for conflict and confrontation between the GDR and the Federal Republic was heightened. With his one-sided and undisguised Western policy and his style of governing, Adenauer shaped an era that was characterized by an American, transatlantic and francophile attitude and, at the same time, conservative and authoritarian models. The main concerns of the Federal Chancellor, who was strongly oriented towards the Rhineland, were the determined concentration on achieving sovereignly for the West German state and the forcing through of Western integration in the teeth of strong opposition from the SPD. Adenauer was consciously prepared to accept the resulting division of Germany by giving the impression in public that unity could only be achieved through Western integration and a ‘policy of strength’ towards the USSR.
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（エッカルト・コンゼが呼んだ様な）連邦共和国のドイツ人の宣言された『安全保障の模索』は、新しい軍の創設とその軍が核兵器を装備することによって実施されることになっていましたが、この方針が、同時に東西ドイツ人にとっての軍事的安全保障に対する脅威と彼らの政治的な不安定の増加につながる矛盾した状況を生みだしました、と言うのは、特にGDR（ドイツ民主共和国）と連邦共和国間の不一致と対立への潜在的可能性が高まったからです。 彼の一方的であからさまな西側寄りの政策と彼の統治スタイルで、アデナウアーは、アメリカ的、大西洋横断的およびフランスびいき的態度と、同時に、保守的で権威主義的なモデルによって特徴づけられた時代を形づくりました。 連邦首相は、ライン地方を強く意識していましたが、彼の主要な関心は、西ドイツにとっての主権の確立とSPDからの強い反対にもかかわらず、西側の結束を断行することに断固として集中することでした。 アデナウアーは、統一が西側の結束とソ連に対する『力の政策』によってのみ達成可能であるという印象を人前で与えることによって、ドイツの結果として生じる分割を意識的に受け入れる用意ができていました。
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 The Federal Chancellor created a new West German state in a growing Western economic community. Thus he also became the Chancellor of a divided Germany, an outcome that is not often referred to by German historians. The way Adenauer’s ‘policy of strength’ developed contributed to an escalation in the formation of blocs. In this area he was ahead of his ‘opponent’ Ulbricht in fact and in timing. As early as March 1949 ― even before the founding of the Federal Republic ― and on several occasions in the summer and autumn of 1950, be expressed his readiness to contribute militarily within the framework of a European Army.
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 This observation was not lost on the CDU either. Even in Adenauer’s own party there was opposition to his one-sided policy. Adenauer carried the day by raising the spectre of the Communist danger and by the assurance that he was not in favour of carrying out ‘any experiments’, and gained the support of the citizens of the Federal Republic. In the second Bundestag elections on 6 September 1953 the CDU/CSU achieved an increased number of votes and in 1957, as already mentioned, even gained an absolute majority. Adenauer placed notable emphasis on the establishment of ties with representatives of the state of Israel, tied above all to the recognition and readiness to make reparations
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 Schumacher saw German unity as a precondition for the unification of Europe, and in the long run be was correct: the unification of Germany in 1990 became the basis for the ‘enlargement’ of the European Union towards the East that took place later in 2004-7. As long as Germany remained split, Europe was divided. The Minister of the Interior, Gustav Heinemann, resigned on account of the policy of German rearmament that actually meant the militarization of the Federal Republic. Heinemann considered peace in Europe to be threatened by this and saw a deepening in the division of Germany.
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 At the end of August 1950 the US High Commissioner, John J. McCloy, to whom the Federal Chancellor was distantly related, received a memorandum from Adenauer. From the start he had sought a close attachment to the Western powers. A German military contribution would be useful in this. The Social Democrats, however, voiced their fundamental opposition to this, led by Kurt Schumacher, who rightly predicted that the one-sided policy of Western integration would reduce the prospects for a unification of Germany and would also therefore damage European unification.
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 In contrast to the Federal Republic, in the GDR authority was not exercised by the state and its organizations, but by a party: the SED and its committees. The SED Politburo was the centre of power. In addition to this came the apparatus of the Central Committee(CC), which had more than 2,000 members and was superior to the administration of the state. Whoever offends against life, is stupid or evil, whoever defends humanity, is always right. So, springing from Lenin’s mind and welded into place by Stalin, that’s the Party, the Party!
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 The results of the single-list elections to the Volkskammer in the years from 1950 to 1986(i.e. in the periods of Walter Ulbricht and Erich Honecker), show a cluster of ‘Yes’ votes developing clearly in parallel and a turnout in the election giving percentages that look rather suspicious. The numbers were all well over 90 per cent, ranging towards the 100 per cent mark. With a turnout, for example, in1986 of 99.74 per cent with 99.4 per cent ‘Yes’ votes, the suspicion of fraud was obvious. The constitution of the GDR was reminiscent of the Weimar one in form. Germany was referred to as an ‘indivisible democratic republic’ based on Lander.
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 The CDU won the elections in the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia in July 1958. The alternative movement lost momentum and was confined to history. In the meantime, top secret negotiations had already taken place between the Federal Republic, Italy and France on the construction of a common atom bomb. The project was then immediately stooped by de Gaulle after coming to power in France in April 1958.
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 Of course for this there also needed to be favourable conditions and a fellow player: Walter Ulbricht, whose policy, with its Socialist Eastern state, played into the hands of Adenauer’s idea of isolation and distancing. Ulbricht was equally opposed to a unification of Germany at the expense of the GDR system. The Korean War was favourable for Adenauer’s policy of the militarization of the Federal Republic, drawing international attention and seemingly making a West German contribution necessary. As a quid pro quo Adenauer demanded sovereignty for his partial state.
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 On the occasion of Adenauer’s visit to Moscow in 1955 the leadership in the Kremlin allowed the release of the prisoners of war still in the Soviet Union in exchange for Bonn’s taking up diplomatic relations that had not been sought up to this point. In answer to the question of what Adenauer’s greatest achievement was in opinion polls more than ten years later, 75 per cent of the citizens of the Federal Republic stated ‘bringing home the last prisoners of war’, which has entered into mythology. The official foundation of the GDR in the Soviet Occupation Zone, by means of publication of a constitution on 7 October 1949, followed the formation of the Federal Republic with only a slight time delay. The German People’s Council, which had emerged from the People’s Congress movement on 30 May 1949, was transformed on the same day into a provisional Volkskammer(People’s Chamber), becoming the parliament of the East German partial state.
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the second shock was an economic shock and the direct result of a combination of american economic problem: a growing trade imbalance with japan and a dollar that had become too highly valued in the rest of the world. a package of economic policies was announced by president nixon in august that led to an immediate 10% reduction in the value of the dollar (which meant that japanese goods would be more expensive in the u.s) and a temporary 10% tax on imports. the shift in the japanese-american relationship was not only caused by the increased power of japan; america's dominant position in the world was also undergoing serious changes. the watergate scandals and the loss of the war in vietnam combined to cause the american people to lose faith in themselves and to question america's role as the leader of the western bloc. the oil crisis of 1973 added to this malaise by decreasing america's economic ability to support its overseas defense commitments. many congressmen questioned why the u.s was spending money to defend japan when it was increasingly obvious that increased japanese economic strength was one cause for the economic recession in the u.s. 長いですがよろしくお願いします！
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とってもわかりやすかったです ありがとうございました！！