米国の経済問題と日本との関係の変化
- アメリカの経済問題、特に日本との貿易不均衡とドル高の問題が、第二次ショックを引き起こしました。
- ニクソン大統領が発表した経済政策パッケージにより、ドルの10%減価と輸入品の一時的な10%関税が導入されました。
- 日本とアメリカの関係の変化は、日本の力の増大だけでなく、アメリカの優位性の変化も原因となりました。ウォーターゲート事件やベトナム戦争の敗北により、アメリカの国民は自信を失い、アメリカが西側陣営のリーダーであるべきか疑問を抱くようになりました。さらに、1973年のオイルショックにより、アメリカの経済力は低下しました。多くの議員は、日本の経済力の増大がアメリカの経済不況の原因の一つであることから、なぜアメリカが日本を防衛するためにお金を費やしているのか疑問視しました。
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the second shock was an economic shock and the direct result of a combination of american economic problem: a growing trade imbalance with japan and a dollar that had become too highly valued in the rest of the world. a package of economic policies was announced by president nixon in august that led to an immediate 10% reduction in the value of the dollar (which meant that japanese goods would be more expensive in the u.s) and a temporary 10% tax on imports. the shift in the japanese-american relationship was not only caused by the increased power of japan; america's dominant position in the world was also undergoing serious changes. the watergate scandals and the loss of the war in vietnam combined to cause the american people to lose faith in themselves and to question america's role as the leader of the western bloc. the oil crisis of 1973 added to this malaise by decreasing america's economic ability to support its overseas defense commitments. many congressmen questioned why the u.s was spending money to defend japan when it was increasingly obvious that increased japanese economic strength was one cause for the economic recession in the u.s. 長いですがよろしくお願いします！
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2番目のショックは、経済的ショックとアメリカの経済問題の組合せの直接的な結果でした：日本との増大する貿易不均衡と世界の他の地域であまりに高く評価されるようになってしまったドルによるショックでした。経済政策のパッケージが、8月にニクソン大統領によって発表されました、それは、ドルの価値の即時の10%の切り下げに至りました（これは、日本の商品がアメリカでより高価になることを意味していました）そして、輸入に対する一時的な10%の課税でした。 日米関係の変化は、日本の増加した力に起因するだけでありませんでした;世界でのアメリカの優位な地位は、また、深刻な変化を被っていました。ウォーターゲート事件とベトナム戦争の損失が組み合わさって、米国民に彼ら自身に対する自信を失わせ、西側ブロックのリーダーとしてのアメリカの役割を疑わせる原因となりました。1973年のオイルショックは、その海外での防衛に対する取り組みを支えるアメリカの経済的能力が低下することによって、この不安感を増大させました。増大した日本の経済力が米国の景気後退の1つの理由であることがますます明らかになるにつれて、なぜ米国が日本を防衛する金を使っているのかについて、多くの（米国）国会議員が疑いを持ちました。
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- 英語 長文の和訳を教えてください。
the nixon shocks the presidency of richard nixon can be used as a convenient starting point to mark a difficult period of adjustment to the increased power of japan. nixon's 1968 presidential election campaign had depended on strong support from the textile-producing southern states. in order to get those votes he promised to take a hard stand in favor of protectionist barriers against japanese textile imports--a promise carried out after his election. acrimonious negotiatiations between japan and the nixon administration continued for over two years and created negative feelings on both sides of the pacific. the nixon administration was also responsible for the return of okinawa and the nixon doctrine (which reduced the number of u.s. troops in asia). these two policies were in many ways beneficial to japanese,but together created doubt in the minds of many jpanese as to america's commitment to the security of japan. these doubts were increased in the summer of 1971 by the nixon shocks.
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At this time the united states was still the over-whelmingly dominant force in the relationship. japanese foreign policy was tired very closely to the Western bloc in the cold war. Not only was japanese security guaranteed by the american military, but the fledgling japanese economic miracle was dependent upon its ties to the american economy. The Amer-icanization of japan was becoming more evident every year. Major changes were bound to follow the steady increase in the strength of the japanese economy. the first japanese surplus in the balance of trade came in 1965. From that year until 1969 the U.S. and Japan maintained a relatively balanced trade. In 1969 Japan accumulated a surplus of almost one billion dollars and, with the exception of a few years in the middle of the 1970s, never looked back.The growing power of the japanese economy was forcing changes in the relationship.
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japan, inc. the american anger toward japan was a direct result of the growing trade deficits. when japanese exports to the u.s. first began to increase signifi-cantly, america was pleased at this sign that its student had learned its lessons so well. however, the teacher felt increasingly helpless as it watched its atudent take control of more and more domestic markets. the japanese became an irresistible scape-goat for american economic problem. as the economic power of japan increased, both the u.s. and japan gradually recognized that, after more than one hundred and twentyyears of either american domination or conflict, the japanese were ap-proaching economic parity with america. the amer-ican reaction to this realization was mixed, but initially negative. "made in japan" had always been a synonym for cheap and shoddy goods. most americans still thought that japan was an under-developed country. how could they be taking over american markets? the shock of realization created a new image of japan in u.s. -- primarily eco-nomic and nagative. 長いですが、宜しくお願いします！
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how we got here perry's display of american technology and weaponry was succesful in opening japan, and during the first three decades of the meiji period the U.S. served as a model for japanese modernization, but it was never an equal relationship. americans were the teachers and were more than happy in their role, teaching the japanese everything from english to baseball to military strategy. they believed that God had given them the best country and the best civiliza-tion in the word, and that their duty was to spread their culture to others.
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japan was no longer the quaint exotic country that the occupiers had seen, it was "japan, inc" as newspapers and weekly news magazines became flooded with information about the japanese economy and work habits, americans began to perceive the japanese as "economic animals" who cared for nothing but work, work, work. the image was that of a mass of workers, all alike, running from their rabbit hutches in the morning, stuffing them-selves into trains, disgorging into factories where they produced millions of stereos, cars and cameras, day after day, 24 hours a day. japan was seen as a floating factory in which government and bureaucratic leaders collaborated with the owners of private industry to attack and conquer american markets. the idea of collaboration between government and industry was particularly galling to the united states. the american economy had always been run with as much separation of government and private industry as possible, and anything else was seen as unfair competition. 長いですが、和訳をお願いします。
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Perhaps more importantly, the seeds of japanese culture were spread in the united states by the almost two million americans who came to japan during the occupation. While they represented only about one percent of the population, they had a tremendous influence on the american image of japan. As each of them returned to the U.S., they brought tales of life in this strange, exotic country which spread to their friends, relatives and neighbors.
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they believed that if they could teach the japanese to adopt the best of american culture and create an american democracy in asia, japan would become a better country and the world a safer place. japan was given a new constitution based, for the most part, on the american constitution which stressed local control over education and the police. Men were no longer allowed the legal right of control over their families and women were allowed to vote. the 6-3-3 educa-tion system was introduced and parents were given oversight through the PTA. Unions were formed.
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英語 1 How the two countries came to the same conclusion about the preservation of their natural resources, however, was different. 「だが、両国が天然資源の保護に関して同じ結論に達した経緯は異なる。」 このHowは「How S V」で「SがVする方法」として、名詞節を導いているということでいいのでしょうか？ 2 Part of the Tokugawa solution for the problem of resource depletion in Japan was to conserve Japanese resources by causing resource depletion elsewhere, just as part of the solution of Japan and other developed countries to their resource depletion today is to cause resource depletion elsewhere. 「Part of the Tokugawa solution for the problem of resource depletion in Japan was to conserve Japanese resources by causing resource depletion elsewhere」 を A 「part of the solution of Japan and other developed countries to their resource depletion today is to cause resource depletion elsewhere.」 を B とすると、 A,just as B という形で、この訳が「Aだ。Bと同じである。」 という感じなんですが この「just as」をさがしても 「途端に」、「同時であるさま」としか出てきません。 「同じ」という意味はどこから出てきたんでしょうか？ 説明お願いします。
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In a recent study, Klitgaard(1999) looking at US imports from Japan in four major export industries (industrial machinery, transportations equipment, electrical machinery and precision equipment) during the 1990s found that when the dollar depreciated by 10% then the price of Japanese imports rose by only 6%, suggesting that Japanese exporters take a 4% offsetting change in their profit margin on exports in the short run. 自分で訳して見たものの、どうも日本語として不自然な文章になってしまいます。意訳が含まれても結構ですので、自然な文章に訳してください。お願いします。
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I started studying Japanese language in 1974, in a Tokyo university with many other foreign students. Although the tests and lessons were well-designed, I was soon quite frustrated and dissatisfied with my progress in that situation. Most of my classmates were also non-Japanese, so the dangerous tendency was to speak in English or French outside of classes. Except for the small number who wanted to "brush up their English," the normal Japanese students refused to associate with the illiterate foreigners. I soon found that I had gravitated to a small group of Koreans and Hawaiians, who agreed to speak only in Japanese. However, I felt that my Japanese was not likely to improve much without native speakers as models. I was depressed by the number of Americans concerned only with obtaining as much money, sex, marijuana, or media-coverage as they could obtain during their year in Japan, rather than really trying to appreciate the culture in which they were guests. So I began to look around for a more isolated university which would admit and teach Japanese to foreigners, but without the problems of Tokyo's "international set."
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