生物論文を和訳２ -下記の英文を訳してください 1)There is a-

生物論文の和訳

下記の論文を訳してください 2)The structure is an open nne,and its water contents we would expect the bases to tilt so that the structure could become more compact. 3)The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases.The planes of the bases are perpendicular to the fibre axis.They are joined together in pairs,a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single bases from the other chain,so that the two lie side by side with identical z-co-ordinates.One of the pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine for bonding to occur.

生物論文の和訳

下記の論文を訳してください 1)There is a residue on each chain every 3・4 A.in the z-direc-tion.We have assumed an angle of 36゜ between structure repeats after 10 residues on each chain,that is,after 34 A. The distance of a phophates atom from the fibre axis is 10 A. As the phophates are on the outside,cations have easy access to them.

生物論文を和訳3

下記の英文を訳してください 1) The hydrogen bonds are made as follows:purine position 1 to pyrimidine position 1; purine position 6 to pyrimidine position 6. 2)If it is assumed that the bases only occur in the structure in the most plausible tautmeric forms (that is,with the keto rather than the enol configurations)it is found that only specific pairs of bases can bond together.These pairs are:adenine(purine) with thymine(pyrimidine), and guanine(purine) with cytosine(pyrimidine).

和訳してください!!(前半)

Molecular Structure Of Nucleic Acids A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest. A structure for nucleic acid has already been proposed by Pauling and Corey (1). They kindly made their manuscript available to us in advance of publication. Their model consists of three intertwined chains, with the phosphates near the fibre axis, and the bases on the outside. In our opinion, this structure is unsatisfactory for two reasons: 1) We believe that the material which gives the X-ray diagrams is the salt, not the free acid. Without the acidic hydrogen atoms it is not clear what forces would hold the structure together, especially as the negatively charged phosphates near the axis will repel each other. 2) Some of the van der Waals distances appear to be too small. Another three-chain structure has also been suggested by Fraser (in the press). In his model the phosphates are on the outside and the bases on the inside, linked together by hydrogen bonds. This structure as described is rather ill-defined, and for this reason we shall not comment on it. We wish to put forward a radically different structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid. This structure has two helical chains each coiled round the same axis (see diagram). We have made the usual chemical assumptions, namely, that each chain consists of phosphate diester groups joining ß-D-deoxyribofuranose residues with 3',5' linkages. The two chains (but not their bases) are related by a dyad perpendicular to the fibre axis. Both chains follow right-handed helices, but owing to the dyad the sequences of the atoms in the two chains run in opposite directions. Each chain loosely resembles Furberg’s (2) model No. 1; that is, the bases are on the inside of the helix and the phosphates on the outside. The configuration of the sugar and the atoms near it is close to Furberg’s ‘standard configuration’, the sugar being roughly perpendicular to the attached base. There is a residue on each chain every 3.4 A. in the z-direction. We have assumed an angle of 36° between adjacent residues in the same chain, so that the structure repeats after 10 residues on each chain, that is, after 34 A. The distance of a phosphorus atom from the fibre axis is 10 A. As the phosphates are on the outside, cations have easy access to them. This figure is purely diagrammatic. The two ribbons symbolize the two phosphate-sugar chains, and the horizontal rods the pairs of bases holding the chains together. The vertical line marks the fibre axis.

和訳してください!!(後半)

The structure is an open one, and its water content is rather high. At lower water contents we would expect the bases to tilt so that the structure could become more compact. The novel feature of the structure is the manner in which the two chains are held together by the purine and pyrimidine bases. The planes of the bases are perpendicular to the fibre axis. They are joined together in pairs, a single base from one chain being hydrogen-bonded to a single base from the other chain, so that the two lie side by side with identical z-co-ordinates. One of the pair must be a purine and the other a pyrimidine for bonding to occur. The hydrogen bonds are made as follows: purine position 1 to pyrimidine position 1; purine position 6 to pyrimidine position 6. If it is assumed that the bases only occur in the structure in the most plausible tautomeric forms (that is, with the keto rather than the enol configurations) it is found that only specific pairs of bases can bond together. These pairs are: adenine (purine) with thymine (pyrimidine), and guanine (purine) with cytosine (pyrimidine). In other words, if an adenine forms one member of a pair, on either chain, then on these assumptions the other member must be thymine; similarly for guanine and cytosine. The sequence of bases on a single chain does not appear to be restricted in any way. However, if only specific pairs of bases can be formed, it follows that if the sequence of bases on one chain is given, then the sequence on the other chain is automatically determined. It has been found experimentally (3, 4) that the ratio of the amounts of adenine to thymine, and the ratio of guanine to cytosine, are always very close to unity for deoxyribose nucleic acid. It is probably impossible to build this structure with a ribose sugar in place of the deoxyribose, as the extra oxygen atom would make too close a van der Waals contact. The previously published X-ray data (5, 6) on deoxyribose nucleic acid are insufficient for a rigorous test of our structure. So far as we can tell, it is roughly compatible with the experimental data, but it must be regarded as unproved until it has been checked against more exact results. Some of these are given in the following communications. We were not aware of the details of the results presented there when we devised our structure, which rests mainly though not entirely on published experimental data and stereochemical arguments. It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material. Full details of the structure, including the conditions assumed in building it, together with a set of co-ordinates for the atoms, will be published elsewhere. We are much indebted to Dr. Jerry Donohue for constant advice and criticism, especially on interatomic distances. We have also been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr. M.H.F. Wilkins, Dr. R.E. Franklin and their co-workers at King"s College, London. One of us (J.D.W.) has been aided by a fellowship from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.

生物論文の和訳

下記の英文を和訳してください 1)In other words,if an adenine forms one member of a pair,on either chain,then on these assumptions the member must be thymine;similarly for guanine and cytosine.The sequences of bases on a single chain dose not appear to be restricted in any way.However,if only specific pairs of bases can be formed,it follows that if the sequence on the other chain is autmatically determined. 2)It has been found experimentally that the ratio of the amounts of adenine to thymine,and the ratio of guanine to cytosine,are always very close to unity for deoxyribose nucleic acid. 3)It is probably impossible to build this structure with a ribose sugar in plase of the deoxyribose,as the extra oxygen atom would make too close a vander Waals contact.

生物論文の和訳

下記の論文を訳してください。 1)We wish to put forward a radically different structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid.This structure has two helical chains cach colied round the same axis(see diagram).We have made the usual chemical assumptions,namely,that each chain consists of phophates di-ester groups joining B-D-deoxy-ribofuranose residues with 3',5' linkages.The two chains (but not their bases) are related by a dyad perpendicular to the fibreaxis.Both chains follow right-handed helices,but owing to the dyad the sequences of the atoms in the two chains run in opposite directions.Each chains loosely resembles Fur-berg's model No.1 ; that is,the bases are on the inside of the helix and the phophates on the outside.The configuration of the sugar and the atoms near it is close to Furberg's 'standard configuration',the sugar being roughly perpendicular to the attached base.

生物英語論文の訳

下記の英文を訳してください 1)We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid has already been proposed by Pauling and Copey.They kindly made their manuscript available to us in advance of publication.Their model consists of three inter-twind chains,with the phosphates near the fibreaxis,and the bases on the outside.In our opinion,this structure is unsatisfactory for two reasons:(1)We believe that the material which gives the X-ray diagrans is the salt,not the free acid.Without the acidic hydrogen atoms it is not clear what forces would hold the structure toegher,especially as the negatively charged phophates near the axis will repel each other.(2)Some of the van der Waals distances appear to be too small. 3)Another three-chain structure has also been suggested by Fraser(in the press).In his model the phophates are on the outside and the bases on the inside,linked together by hydrogen bonds.This atructure as described is rather ill-defined,and for this reason we shall not comment on it.

英語の生物の和訳です。

1.4 DNA structure and function DNA is huge ladder-like molecule made up of sugar , phosphate and four organic bases called Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine.The bases will only join up in the pairs A to T and G to C. The two halves of the ladder can also un-zip between the pairs of bases.They do this: (a) At mitosis: each half ladder forms the other half on itself.So two ladders,which are identical, result.This is the reason why a chromosome that splits in mitosis forms two identical chromosomes. (b) When genes make proteins: each half ladder forms a related substance, RNA(very similar to DNA) on it.This then detaches, passing to the ribosomes.RNA carries the sequence of bases that were in the DNA.Each three letter ‘word’(triplet),e.g.AGC attracts particular amino acid to the ribosome. The sequence of the hundreds of triplets is what determines the kind of protein formed at the ribosomes-each protein has its own unique DNA sequence. Thus a length of DNA with its own unique sequence is a gene; and a gene is what is used to make its own, unique,protein by linking a particular sequence of amino acids together at ribosome. The‘ladder’structure of DNA is in fact turned into a spiral(double helix) thread,with 10 base pairs per complete 360°turn.This has little to do with the function of DNA but it was a crucial fact, discovered by Franklin, Wilkins, Watson and Crick, in determining its structure. かなり長いですがお願いします。すごく急いでます。

生物英語論文の訳

下記の英文を訳してください。 1)We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid has already been proposed by Pauling and Copey.They kindly made their manuscript available to us in advance of publication.Their model consists of three inter-twind chains,with the phosphates near the fibreaxis,and the bases on the outside.In our opinion,this structure is unsatisfactory for two reasons:(1)We believe that the material which gives the X-ray diagrans is the salt,not the free acid.Without the acidic hydrogen atoms it is not clear what forces would hold the structure toegher,especially as the negatively charged phophates near the axis will repel each other.(2)Some of the van der Waals distances appear to be too small. 2)Another three-chain structure has also been suggested by Fraser(in the press).In his model the phophates are on the outside and the bases on the inside,linked together by hydrogen bonds.This atructure as described is rather ill-defined,and for this reason we shall not comment on it.

この文章の和訳をお願いします。

These come from the fact that for small values of b~ and μ, as considered here, Eqs.(2・1) and (2.2) are approximately symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Now, we will see features of collision of a particle with the planet. It should be noticed that, as mentioned in §2, the radius of the planet changes with the distance between the Sun and the planet is assigned. Here we will concentrate on the collision near the orbit of the present Earth. よろしくお願いします。

生物論文の和訳

下記を和訳してください 1)We are much indebted to Dr.Jerry Donohue for constans advise and criticism,especially on inter-atomic distances.We have also been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr.M.H.F.Wilkins,Dr.R.E.Franklin and their co-workers at King's College,London.One of us (J.D.W.) has been aided by a fellowship from the National Foundstion for Infantiele Paralysis.

論文の一部です。和訳お願いします。

We use our model to shed light on the debate of who is the greatest tennis player of the Open Era of men's professional tennis since 1986. Constructing a single rankings list from our model is not trivial as there are many alternative metrics that could be used to identify which player was the best ever.

和訳をお願いします(ーωー)

Police might soon be able to tell the eye colour of criminals from DNA recovered from crime scenes, thanks to a new genetic study. A team of scientists led by Manfred Kayser, of Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, has developed a method that predicts eye colour with unprecedented accuracy. The method could also be used on ancient DNA to profile early modern humans or even Neanderthals. And as eye colour is determined by many genes, the work also raises hopes for predictive genetic tests for diseases that are influenced by numerous genes, such as heart disease. Kayser's team looked at DNA from more than 6,000, Dutch Europeans from Rotterdam. About 68% of these people had blue eyes, whereas around 23% had brown eyes. The researchers focused on eight genes known to be associated with eye colour. These genes code for proteins involved in the production or distribution of the iris, skin, and the hair pigments eumelanin and pheomelanin. The strongest effect on eye colour is determined by two adjacent genes, OCA2 and HERC2, on chromosome 15, but these don't paint the full picture. Kayser's team zeroed in on 37 sites of genetic variation in the eight genes. These sites — called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) — are points where one of the four letters in the DNA code of chemical bases is substituted for another. よろしくお願いしますorz

生物論文の訳

下記の英文を訳してください 1)The previously published X-gen data on deoxyribose nucleic acid are insufflcient for a rigorous test of our structure.So far as we can tell,it is roughly compatible with the experimental data,but it must be regarded as unproved until it has been checked against more exact results.Some of these are given in the following communications.We were not aware of the details of the results presented there when we devised our structure,which rests mainly though not entirely on published experimental data and stereo-chemical arguments.

論文の翻訳

英語の論文の翻訳がうまくできません。翻訳をお願いしたいです。よろしくお願いします。 Suppose that a metal specimen be placed in tension-compression-testing machine. As the axial load is gradually increased in increments, the total elongation over the gauge length is measured at each increment of the load and this is continued until failure of the specimen takes place. Knowing the original cross-sectional area and length of the specimen, the normal stress and the strain can be obtained. The graph of these quantities with the stress along the y-axis and the strain along the x-axis is called the stress-strain diagram. The stress-strain diagram differs in form for various materials. The diagram shown below is that for a medium-carbon structural steel. Metallic engineering materials are classified as either ductile or brittle materials. A ductile material is one having relatively large tensile strains up to the point of rupture like structural steel and aluminum, whereas brittle materials has a relatively small strain up to the point of rupture like cast iron and concrete. An arbitrary strain of 0.05 mm/mm is frequently taken as the dividing line between these two classes. Stress-strain diagram of a medium-carbon structural steel Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law) From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line. This linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or The constant of proportionality is called the Modulus of Elasticity or Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram from O to P. Then

この英文を和訳して欲しいです。

Gerontology is defined as the science of aging. Actually it is made up of the knowledge about aging derived from many sciences, including biology, pｓychology, and sociology. Ｇｅｒｏｎｔｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓ are the scientists who study aging. Gerontologists have been accused of focusing only on the declines of aging, and of assuming that the characteristics of the aged are the primary causes of the problems of elders. Such a focus on declines is a subtle form of ageism because it ignores the possibilities of growth and improvement with age. The assumption that the characteristics of elders are the cause of the problems of elders is another subtle from of ageism, because it ignores the extent to which the ageism embedded in our social structure and culture contribute to the problems of elders. The extent to which various theories in gerontology may contribute to ageism is discussed in Chapter 6. Geriatrics is the study of the medical aspects of old age, and the application of gerontology to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of illness among older persons. Thus, while gerontology deals with all aspects of aging, geriatrics is limited to the medical aspects. Physicians may be subject to several kinds of ageism. Because they focus on illness and disability, they may forget that health and ability is normal among elders. They may be tempted to blame any difficult or obscure illness on old age and assume that nothing can be done about it. Geriatricians and other providers of service to elders may exaggerate age differences and needs of elders in order to promote their own service roles. Several gerontologists charge that gerontology is becoming increasingly "biomedicalized" and that this produces a negative view of aging. Kalish suggested that there is a "new ageism" found especially among advocates and service providers for the aged. It stereotypes the "elderly" in terms of the characteristics of the least capable, least healthy, and least alert of the elderly. It perceives the older person as, in effect, a relatively helpless and dependent individual who requires the support services of agencies and other organizations. It encourages the development of services without adequate concern as to whether the outcome of these services contributes to reduction of freedom for the participants to make decisions controlling their own lives. It produces an unrelenting stream of criticism against society in general and certain individuals in society for the mistreatment of the elderly, emphasizing the unpleasant existence faced by the elderly.

和訳お願いします。

初めまして。なんとなくは分かるのですが・・・和訳お願いできますでしょうか。 As is expected from the features of the scattering, the direct collision with the planet never occurs for the cases |bi|≧5 and |bi|≦1.5, because in these cases a particle cannot enter the Hill sphere. The initial values of bi, with which a particle collides with the planet are marked on the upper abscissa of Figs. 1(a), and (b). However, for all the cases where bi lies in the collision band, shown in Fig. 1(a), the direct collision does not always occur. When the band is decomposed, the fine structure appears as seen in Figs. 3(a). Furthermore, the decomposed band is found to have also a fine structure of a higher hierarchy. 以上です、宜しくお願いします。

英文の和訳をお願いしたいのですが・・・

Lattice type and systematic absences In indexing the powder patterns it has been assumed that all the possible reflections are observed, that is, scattering from each of the different lattice planes is sufficiently intense to contribute to the diffraction profile. This is normally so for a primitive lattice, but for body centred and face centred lattices restrictions occur on the values that h, k and I may take if the reflections are to have any intensity. This results in certain reflections not being observed in the powder diffraction pattern and these are known as systematic absences. The origin of these absences can be illustrated with regard to Fig.2.3. という文章です。できれば翻訳サイト丸々ってのは控えてほしいです。

困っています！英語の和訳です！

数式などが入り混ざっているので、どうしてもできませんでした；できる方お願いします！ It should be noted that the "best line" is not exactly determined. A visual estimate can often be made of a range of possible lines. From this, uncertainties in M and B can be estimated. Method of Averages. The constants in a linear equation may be calculated from only two pairs of values for the variables. In general, more than two pairs of values are available, and different values for the constants will be obtained when different experimental points are used in the calculation. One method for determining the constants by using all the experimental data is the method of averages. This method is based on the assumption that the correct values of the constants M and B are those which make the sum of the residuals equal zero. The residuals (Vi) are the differences between the values of Y calculated from the empirical equation and the experimentally determined values (Yi). In the case we are discussing, the residuals are (Vi)= MXi + B - Yi This assumption gives only one condition on the constants, and sos it is further assumed that if there are r constants, the residuals may be divided int r groups and ΣVi = 0 for each group.The groups are chosen to contain nearly the same number of experimental values, but it should be noted that different methods of choosing the groups will lead to different values for the constants. If the number of residuals in a group is K, the summation of Equation.

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