INTELLIGENCE AND AGEING
- Understanding the relationship between intelligence and ageing is often misrepresented.
- There is a common belief in an inevitable decline in intelligence with age, but this belief is not supported by evidence.
- Cross-sectional studies have shown that older adults perform poorly on intelligence tests compared to younger adults, but this can be attributed to differences in education and life experiences.
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INTELLIGENCE AND AGEING The same thing seems to happen with mental abilities too. For example, intelligence is often inaccurately cited as one of the areas which declines with age. For many years, people 'knew' that various abilities, including intelligence and physical strength, reached their peak in the early twenties, and then declined steadily from then on thoughout a person's life. This knowledge was based on a series of studies, resported by Miles in 1931, which involved measuring various human characteristics in people of different ages. When they plotted the results of these measurements on a graph, Miles found a steady decline: the older the person was, the less strong, or intelligent (as measured by IQtests) or able they were. Other reseachers found similar results, so for a great many years there was a strong belief in an inevitable decline with age. Indeed this belief is still held by a great many people, including some doctors and social workers, but when we look more carefully at the evidence, what we find is actually quite a different picture. Cross-sectional methods The problem was that all of these studies were done using cross-sectional methods. That is, the reseacher tested several different groups of people, or different ages. But someone who was 60 in 1930 had experienced quite a different upbringing and lifestyle from someone who was 20 at that time. Their schooling was quite different, their life experiences were quite different, and their standards of living were different too. The same thing applied to cross-sectional studies that were conducted later on in the education and health care which had taken place. It wasn't surprising, for example, that older people did badly on intelligence tests in the 1960s, when they had experienced an education which consisted, in the main, of leaning large chunks of infomation off by heart. Younger people, by contrast, had experienced a form of education which stressd reasoning and mental skills, and so they naturally performed much better on IQ tests.
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知能と老化 同じことは、精神的な能力にも起こるようです。 たとえば、知能は、年齢と共に落ちる領域の1つとしてしばしば不正確に引用されます。 長年、知能と体力を含む、いろいろな能力が、２０代前半にそのピークに達し、そして、人の人生を通じてその時以来着実に衰えるということを、人々は『知っていました』。 この知識は、1931年にマイルスによって報告された、一連の研究に基づきました。そして、それは異なる年齢の人々のいろいろな人間的特徴の測定を含んでいました。 彼らがグラフにこれらの測定の結果を描いたとき、マイルスは着実な低下に気付きました：人は年をとるほど、より力がなくなり、知能が落ち（IQtestsでの測定）、あるいは、能力が低下するのでした。 他の研究者も類似した結果を見つけたので、かなり長年にわたって、年齢とともに回避不能な低下が起こると強く信じられていました。 実際、こういったことは、まだ一部の医者やソーシャル・ワーカーを含むかなり多くの人々によって、信じられています、しかし、我々がより慎重に証拠を見るとき、我々が見つけるものは実はかなり異なる状況です。 横断的方法 問題は、これらの研究の全てが横断的方法を使用してされたということでした。 つまり、研究者は、いくつかの異なるグループの人々や異なる年齢をテストしました。 しかし、1930年に60歳であった人は、その時、20歳であった人とは、とても異なる養育とライフスタイルを経験しました。 彼らの学校教育は全く異なりました、彼らの人生経験も全く異なりました、そして、彼らの生活水準も異なったのです。 行われていた教育や健康管理においても、後ほど実施された横断的研究において、同様のことが適用されました。 たとえば、老人が1960年代に知能検査で成績が悪かったことは、意外ではありませんでした、当時、彼らは、概して、情報のかなりの量を暗記することで成り立つ教育を経験していたのですから。 より若い人々は、対照的に、推理と知的技能を強調した教育の形を経験しました、それで、彼らは当然ＩＱテストの成績がずっとよかったのです。
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和訳をお願いします！ ナレーション部分 The sensors in each room indicated they'd（窃盗犯） spent two hours moving about in the museum. Given that amount of time, the devastation of the paintings was all the more senseless. 以下は証言（警察？） Although it's considered by many people the art crime of the century, and in terms of value and in terms of sort of impact, it is. If you look at the details of it, it was also a botched crime. It was a crime in which a lot of good works of art that were there for the taking, were missed and art work that was taken was cut from its frames, which is obviously not something you want to do with irreplaceable Rembrandts. 有名な絵画が強奪された事件のドキュメンタリー番組です。 どうしても内容が理解できません。。。 長文ですがよろしくお願いしますm(_ _)m
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題名：Patterns of inheritance 前置き Follow on from Science Foundations inheritance and selection 16 Genes are in pairs. Some characteristics are controlled by one pair of genes. Different forms of a gene are called alleles. Different alleles produce diffrent features. メンデルの生い立ち Mendel was a monk in a monastery in what is now the Czech Republic. His work was published in Brunn in 1865. However, its importance was not recognised for over 35 years. 本文１ The work of Gregor Mendel Mendel worked out the pattern of inheritance of several characteristics of peas. It was lucky that he chose peas. They have lots of characteristics controlled by a single pair of genes. They are also easy to grow and cross-pollinate. まだあるのですが勝手な都合からとりあえず今はここまでとさせていただきます。 英語はめっきりなので、どうか訳お願いします。
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Step by step the station was getting in shape and the time soon came for testing. Edison never for a moment imagined that everything would run smoothly at first; on the other hand,he never thought that his station wouldn't be a success. Many things happened,but the master soon found ways and meas of setting them right,Sometimes comical effects came up that mirth for the newspapers.For instance,on June 29,1882,the first fires were started under the boilers in the first electric power station at 257 Pearl Street,New York City.Tests were undertaken to try out the individual parts under regular working conditions.The steampipes were given pressure tests,and the auxiliary steam engine which operated the coal conveyors and the blowers that were to prevent the accumulation of heat in the armatures,was subjected to time trials.On July 5,the first steam dynamo was started,and the others followed from that time on,during which tests were made with the 1,000-lamp bank installed on the upper floor of the station to give to each steam dynamo a working load before it was switched on to the feeders.The field regulating apparatus was tried and necessary adjustments made.
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Romanesque art was not abstract, but because it was representational only within limits, partly because the artists were incapable of representing nature was not art, stained glass was a magnificent midium for this formalizing genius, which made features of limitations; by emphasizing the black lines of the lead joints they increased the brilliance of their blues and rubies, and by bending their iron supports into medallions and outlines of borders they gave their glass a jewel-like quality that quite transformed the interior of their churches. At the same time there was a transformation of Church music, the begining of polyphony. The organum, the singing of the same melody in parellel fourths and fifths, inevitably developed into the conductus, the singing by two or more voices of different melodies that harmonized with the main one, or canto fermo. Moreover, unlike plainsong and organum, the conductus was metrical, for the words were those of met-rical Latin hymns. Much as the nave and chancel of a church had become a progression of bays defined by wallshafts and intersecting ribs, so music became a measured progression of notes that could have been defined by bar-lines. It was still all very elementaly, and in cathedrals, in Winchester Cathe-dral at least, the singing was led by a primitive organ, the greast keys of which had to be thumped with fists, while seventy blowers, for each pine had its own bellows, supplied wind for the two players.
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By mid-February 1918, while Germany was negotiating the Russian surrender and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ludendorff had moved nearly 50 divisions from the east, so that on the Western Front, Germany's troops outnumbered those of the Allied armies. Germany had 192 divisions and three brigades on the Western Front by 21 March, out of 241 in the German Army. Of these divisions, 110 were in the front line, 50 of which faced the shorter British front. Another 67 divisions were in reserve, with 31 facing the BEF. By May 1918, 318,000 American soldiers were due in France, with another million planned to arrive before August. The Germans knew that the only chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the build-up of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was complete. The German strategy for the 1918 Spring Offensive or Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser's Battle), involved four offensives, Michael, Georgette, Gneisenau and Blücher–Yorck. Michael took place on the Somme and then Georgette was conducted on the Lys and at Ypres, which was planned to confuse the enemy. Blücher took place against the French in the Champagne region. Although British intelligence knew that a German offensive was being prepared, this far-reaching plan was much more ambitious than Allied commanders expected. Ludendorff aimed to advance across the Somme, then wheel north-west, to cut the British lines of communication behind the Artois front, trapping the BEF in Flanders. Allied forces would be drawn away from the Channel ports, which were essential for British supply; the Germans could then attack these ports and other lines of communication. The British would be surrounded and surrender. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, had agreed that the BEF would take over more of the front line, at the Boulogne Conference, against military advice, after which the British line was extended. The "line", taken over from the French, barely existed, needing much work to make it easily defensible to the positions further north, which slowed progress in the area of the Fifth Army (General Hubert Gough). During the winter of 1917–1918, the new British line was established in an arc around St. Quentin, by many small unit actions among the ruined villages in the area. There were many isolated outposts, gaps in the line and large areas of disputed territory and waste land.
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Our narrative is still in the midest of the brilliant that were exciting interest during the early part of 1880,when Edison,harnessed to his work,was making rapid progress in commercialy perfecting his lamp. At that time Brush,Thomson,Houston and Weston were busy with their arc light system and none had faith in the little lamp that Edison had given to the world. That their disbelief was in error how well we now know! For the little lamp of high resistance that began to cast its glow in that day has kept on glowing everywhere, as does also the spirit of Edison its inventor. Our busy activities during that development period were now and then interrupted by some merry interlude.Occasionally the 'boys'played jokes on each other.Sometimes one of them who had become tried would seek a nap on a near-by table.While no one objected to a peaceful slumber,if the delinquent began to snore or attempted to imitate the chords of rhapsodies such as we now and then hear on the radio, things happened.Somebody would crash a heavy weight on the table;that stopped the snoring.As an alternative the snorer was sometimes treated to a whiff of concentrared spirits of ammonia which,too,was effective.
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The Battle of Cambrai began with a secret deployment of British reinforcements for the attack. Instead of a long period of artillery registration (firing ranging shots before the attack) and wire-cutting, which would have warning the German defence that an assault was being prepared, massed artillery-fire did not begin until the infantry–tank advance began on 20 November, using unregistered (predicted) fire. 378 tanks were used to roll through the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) barbed-wire fields, as a substitute for a long wire-cutting bombardment and the ground assault was accompanied by a large number of ground-attack aircraft. The British attack broke through the Siegfried I Stellung but was contained in the rear battlezone (rückwärtige Kampfzone) by the Siegfried II Stellung, which had been built on the east side of the St. Quentin canal on this part of the front. Preparations for a further advance were hampered by the obstacles of the Hindenburg defences, which had been crossed but which limited the routes by which the most advanced British forces could be supplied. The German defence quickly recovered and on 30 November began a counter-offensive, using a similar short bombardment, air attacks and storm troop infantry tactics, which was contained by the British, in some parts of the battlefield using the Hindenburg Line defences captured earlier.
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Much of the new digging on the rest of the Western Front was done on reverse slopes, invisible to ground observers and capable of being engaged only by howitzer-fire. The French methods of attack had been made obsolete by the time of the resumption of the offensive in September 1915, when many French troops were killed on such slopes, in front of uncut wire, before an undamaged second position. French sources put casualties from 3 May to 18 June at 102,500 of whom 35,000 men were killed; another 37,500 casualties were incurred in secondary operations. The German official historians of the Reichsarchiv recorded c. 102,500 French casualties from 9 May –to18 June, 32,000 British casualties and 73,072 German casualties. Sheldon recorded the same figures for French casualties, quoting the French Official History and c. 30,000 casualties for the German divisions most involved in the battle (1st and 5th Bavarian Reserve divisions, 3rd Bavarian, 5th, 11th, 15th, 16th and 115th divisions) noting that some figures are estimates believed to be too low but that the total was far fewer than French losses. In 2013 Krause recorded ranges of 100,000–121,000 French and 50,000–80,000 German casualties. The battle had great influence on the French army during the preparations for the autumn offensive of 1915 in Champagne and Artois, which were also based on an assumption that strategic victories were possible after one or two days of offensive action. Joffre ordered another 5,500 machine-guns, to double the number per brigade by 1 January 1916. Production of the 240 mm Trench Mortar (240 mm (9.4 in)) and 340 mm (13 in) trench mortar was increased and manufacture began of artillerie lourde à grande puissance (ALGP, long range heavy guns); production of 75 mm ammunition was reduced to increase quality and large orders were placed for aircraft and for gas shells. The growth of French war production by September 1915, enabled the French to attack in two places simultaneously. At the end of June, Joffre discussed strategy with the army group commanders and Pétain, who had been promoted to the command of the Second Army. Foch again advocated a series of limited attacks, particularly in Artois where strategically important railways were relatively close behind the German lines.[j] Castelnau believed that it was still possible to advance through the German defences in one attack and that Champagne was a likely region for such an attempt, if the mistakes made on 9 May could be avoided. Pétain agreed with Foch but doubted that another offensive could quickly be prepared in Artois and was sceptical that any part of the Western Front was free of villages like Souchez and Neuville, which could be fortified and against which, only attacks even more limited than those advocated by Foch were practical. On 8 July, Joffre decided to make the principal attack in Champagne, with a supporting attack in Artois a few days earlier to attract German reserves.
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The buildings of Nesle, Ham, Noyon and several villages were excepted from the plan and 10,000–15,000 French civilians were to be left behind in them, while 150,000 able-bodied civilians were to be evacuated to work in the rest of occupied France and Belgium. A 35-day timetable for the demolition plan was prepared to be followed by two marching days for the troops on the flanks of the area, three for the troops between Nauroy and Coucy le Chateau and four marching days for those between St. Quentin and La Fère. Defensive positions held by the German army on the Somme after November 1916 were in poor condition, the garrisons were exhausted and postal censors reported tiredness and low morale, which left the German command doubtful that the army could withstand a resumption of the battle. The German defences on the Ancre began to collapse under British attacks in January 1917, which caused Rupprecht to urge on 28 January, that the retirement to the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) begin.
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翻訳サイトで訳したら意味が通らなかったので、どなたかに訳して戴きたいです。よろしくお願いします。 What is the first thing you notice about the statue called the thinker? Many people respond that it shows a man in deep thought over a serious topic. That makes sense because this statue was designed to be placed over a set of great doors which would show the things that happened to people in Hell. Both the thinker and the doors were desrgned by Auguste Rodin, an artist who lived and worked in France around the same time as the painter, Claude Monet.
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