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AfDB Board Approves the Establishment of ClimDev-Africa Special Fund
- The African Development Bank (AfDB) has approved the establishment of the Climate for Development in Africa (ClimDev-Africa) Programme Special Fund (CDSF).
- The approval is subject to ratification by the Board of Governors, after which a Governing Council will be created to oversee the CDSF. The implementation will follow the bank's rules and procedures.
- The CDSF, a joint initiative of AfDB, the African Union Commission (AUC), and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), aims to contribute to sustainable development and poverty reduction in Africa.
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英→日への翻訳をおねがいします。 以下はある国際組織によるアフリカ大陸への経済支援に関する記事です。 本文中、?の部分が訳せなくてこまっています。 (ヘッドライン) AfDB and UBA Sign Landmark USD 150 million Loan to Facilitate African Trade Finance (本文) ?Tunis- 16 December 2009 On behalf of their respective institutions, Aloysius Uche Ordu, Vice President, Regional and Country Programs and Policy from the African Development Bank (AfDB) and Faith Tuedor-Matthews, Deputy Managing Director, from the United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA) signed today, 16 December 2009 two loan agreements for a total of USD 150 million. (中略) ?Coming at a time of severe credit constraints globally, this deal which represents the single largest commitment to a financial institution in the continent is a major recognition of UBA’s ability to support private and public enterprises across Africa”. わからないのは上の?から最後までです。 1個1個の単語の意味はわかるのになぜか大意がサッパリわかりません。 参考までに私の訳文は以下のとおりです。 ↓↓ 「この世界的に厳しい信用の制限の時代、大陸の経済機構への1個の最大の委託を象徴するこの取引は、UBAのアフリカ中の公私企業支援の能力を主に認識するものである。」 ↑↑ このように、意味がわからない文章になってしまい、自分でもサッパリわかりません。 (大体「信用の制限」って何よ?。「1個の最大の委託」って何だそりゃ?。「認識するものである」って誰が何を認識しているの?etc.) 1個1個の単語の意味は知っているのに全体文として訳すとどうしてこんなことになってしまうのでしょう・・。
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German colonies in Africa had been acquired in the 1880s and were not well defended. They were also surrounded by territories controlled by Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal.Colonial military forces in Africa were relatively small, poorly equipped and had been created to maintain internal order, rather than conduct military operations against other colonial forces. Most of the European warfare in Africa during the 19th century had been conducted against African societies to enslave people and later to conquer territory. The Berlin Conference of 1884, had provided for European colonies in Africa to be neutral, if war broke out in Europe; in 1914 none of the European powers had plans to challenge their opponents for control of overseas colonies. When news of the outbreak of war reached European colonialists in Africa, it was met by little of the enthusiasm seen in the capital cities of the states which maintained colonies. An editorial in the East African Standard on 22 August, argued that Europeans in Africa should not fight each other but instead collaborate, to maintain the repression of the indigenous population. War was against the interest of the white colonialists because they were small in number, many of the European conquests were recent, unstable and operated through existing local structures of power and the organisation of African economic potential for European profit had only recently begun. In Britain, an Offensive sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence was appointed on 5 August and established a principle that command of the seas was to be ensured and that objectives were considered only if they could be attained with local forces and if the objective assisted the priority of maintaining British sea communications, as British army garrisons abroad were returned to Europe in an "Imperial Concentration". Attacks on German coaling stations and wireless stations were considered to be important to clear the seas of German commerce raiders. Objectives at Tsingtau in the Far East and Luderitz Bay, Windhoek, Duala and Dar-es-Salaam in Africa and a German wireless station in Togoland, next to the British colony of Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea, were considered vulnerable to attack by local or allied forces.
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The East African Campaign was a series of battles and guerrilla actions, which started in German East Africa and spread to portions of Mozambique, Northern Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda and the Belgian Congo. The campaign was effectively ended in November 1917. The Germans entered Portuguese East Africa and continued the campaign living off Portuguese supplies. The strategy of the German colonial forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel (later Generalmajor) Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, was to divert forces from the Western Front to Africa. His strategy achieved only mixed results after 1916, when he was driven out of German East Africa and Allied forces became composed almost entirely of South African, Indian, and other colonial troops. Black South African troops were not considered for European service as a matter of policy while all Indian units had been withdrawn from the Western Front by the end of 1915; the campaign in Africa consumed considerable amounts of money and war material that could have gone to other fronts. The Germans fought for the whole of World War I, receiving word of the armistice on 14 November 1918 at 7:30 a.m. Both sides waited for confirmation and the Germans formally surrendered on 25 November. German East Africa became two League of Nations Class B Mandates, Tanganyika Territory of the United Kingdom and Ruanda-Urundi of Belgium, while the Kionga Triangle became a mandate of Portugal.
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Germany had established a protectorate over Kamerun by 1884 during the Scramble for Africa. In 1911, France ceded Neukamerun (New Cameroon), a large territory to the east of Kamerun, to Germany as a part of the Treaty of Fez, the settlement that ended the Agadir Crisis. In 1914, the German colony of Kamerun made up all of modern Cameroon as well as portions of Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic. Kamerun was surrounded on all sides by Allied territory. British-held Nigeria was to the north-west. The Belgian Congo bordered the colony to the south-east and French Equatorial Africa lay in the east. The neutral colony of Spanish Guinea was bordered by German Kamerun on all sides but one, which faced the sea. In 1914, on the eve of World War I, Kamerun remained largely unexplored and unmapped by European invaders. In 1911–1912 the border with the French colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, Ubangi-Shari and Chad was established and in 1913 the border between the colonies of Nigeria and Kamerun was defined. The German military forces stationed in the colony at the time consisted of around 1,855 Schutztruppen (protection troops). However, after the outbreak of war by mid-1915, the Germans were able to recruit an army of around 6,000. Allied forces on the other hand in the territories surrounding Kamerun were much larger. French Equatorial Africa alone could mobilize as many as 20,000 soldiers on the eve of war while British Nigeria to the west could raise an army of 7,550.
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The Germans offered surrender terms, which were rejected by Botha and the war continued. On 12 May Botha declared martial law and divided his forces into four contingents, which cut off German forces in the interior from the coastal regions of Kunene and Kaokoveld and fanned out into the north-east. Lukin went along the railway line from Swakopmund to Tsumeb. The other two columns rapidly advanced on the right flank, Myburgh to Otavi junction and Manie Botha to Tsumeb and the terminus of the railway. German forces in the north-west fought the Battle of Otavi on 1 July but were defeated and surrendered at Khorab on 9 July 1915. In the south, Smuts landed at the South West African naval base at Luderitzbucht, then advanced inland and captured Keetmanshoop on 20 May. The South Africans linked with two columns which had advanced over the border from South Africa. Smuts advanced north along the railway line to Berseba and on 26 May, after two days' fighting captured Gibeon. The Germans in the south were forced to retreat northwards towards Windhuk and Botha's force. On 9 July the German forces in the south surrendered.
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The Battle of Latema Nek was a battle of the East African Campaign in World War I. After the Battle of Salaita, General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, commander of German forces in East Africa, reorganised the defences to the north of the colony in anticipation of another assault. The Salaita positions were abandoned, and German forces moved south to the Latema-Reata Hills - which stood on the route to Kahe. The new defences were manned on March 8 by Major Georg Kraut, who had commanded the German defence at Salaita, with 1,500–2000 Schutztruppe and German officers.
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Hindenburg and Ludendorff forced a return to the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare on 9 January 1917 and engineered the dismissal of the Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and other opponents of the policy the next day. The policy was to resume on 1 February, with the intention of sinking 600,000 long tons (610,000 t) of shipping per month and knocking Britain out of the war in 5–12 months. Optimistic claims by the navy were less important to the decision, than the "desperate" position of the western armies and the decrepitude of Germany's allies. Another front in the west was to be opened by the resumption of air attacks on Britain. New aircraft had become available to replace airships, which had become too vulnerable to British counter-measures in 1916. Planning began in late 1916 and Operation Türkenkreutz began in May 1917. As part of the defensive strategy for the Western Front, five defensive positions were planned to form the basis of the Abwehrschlacht (defensive battle) expected in 1917.
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翻訳ideaください。 1・This figure is substantially higher than previous estimates from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, which identified 10000 people in 2000, representing a population prevalence of 0.12%. 2. The impact of `A`( 注:‘A`は、内臓器の病気の名前の略) on absenteeism and producivity. 3. this will be a longitudinal study of the original study. 4. a particular reserch interest is to determine the rate of decline in lung function within the Japanese population and compare that to the decline measured in other population-based studies. 5. an additional reserch goal is to determine if there is any correlation between the rate of lung function decline with patient behaviors or therapeutic interventions(eg smoking cessation) 6. as the only population-based sample of patients in Japan, the study also offers a unique opportunity to quantify the impact of COPD in health care utilization and patients` ability to carry out their daily activities. です。加えて、 上記の4と6の population-based は、日本語でどう訳しますか? また、 lung fanction decline はどのように 訳しますか? 2週間 の間 また たくさん SOSしますので おねがいいたします
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The British conscripted 120,000 carriers to move Belgian supplies and equipment to Kivu from late 1915 to early 1916. The lines of communication in Belgian Congo required c. 260,000 carriers, which were barred by the Belgian government from crossing into German East Africa and Belgian troops were expected to live off the land. To avoid the plundering of civilians, loss of food stocks and risk of famine, with many farmers already conscripted and moved away from their land, the British set up the Congo Carrier Section of the East India Transport Corps (Carbel) with 7,238 carriers, conscripted from Ugandan civilians and assembled at Mbarara in April 1916. The Force Publique, started its campaign on 18 April 1916 under the command of General Charles Tombeur, Colonel Molitor and Colonel Olsen and captured Kigali on 6 May. The German Askari in Burundi were forced to retreat by the numerical superiority of Force Publique and by 17 June, Burundi and Rwanda were occupied. The Force Publique and the British Lake Force then started a thrust to capture Tabora, an administrative centre of central German East Africa. They marched into German territory in three columns and took Biharamuro, Mwanza, Karema, Kigoma and Ujiji. After several days of battle, they secured Tabora. During the march, Carbel lost 1,191 carriers died or missing presumed dead, a rate of 1:7, which occurred despite the presence of two doctors and adequate medical supplies. To forestall Belgian claims on the German colony, Smuts ordered their forces back to Congo, leaving them as occupiers only in Rwanda and Burundi. The British were obliged to recall Belgian troops in 1917 and the two allies coordinated campaign plans.
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お礼
再度、お答えくださり感謝します。 趣旨を理解してもらうことを重要視して誤訳を恐れずに思い切った訳文を作るというご意見、参考になりました!私はそもそもニュースの趣旨が理解できていなくて・・・なので訳をつくるにも苦労してしまいました。 翻訳者の資質として英語力以前に翻訳するテーマについての知識があること、とよく言われます。 (4)の構文把握方法は、なるほど、ブロック毎に区切ってみればいいのですね! >素人のやったことだけに いえ、とんでもない!英語力まるでない私としては大変助かりました。英文のいわんとしている事が理解できればあとは国語力の問題ですし・・。 本当にありがとうございます! この質問はこれで締めさせて頂きます。ありがとうございました。 実はこのニュース記事には続きがあります。もし気がむかれたら訳してみてくださいませ・・。 Formulated to be implemented in two phases, the first phase has an indicative budget of about US$ 136 million for the 2009-2012 period while activities for the subsequent second phase up to 2020 are estimated to cost about US$ 800 million. CDSF will involve the mobilization and sensitization of development partners and donors, as well as Regional Members Countries. DFID has already pledged £10 million to support ClimDeve-Africa Fund. Other AfDB bilateral donor countries including Denmark, Norway and Sweden have also signaled their interest in financially assisting the CDSF. The Bank has accumulated extensive experience in initiating, hosting and implementing projects and programmes using special funds and other resources earmarked for financing specific initiatives. Some of the funds hosted and managed by the Bank include the Africa Water Facility (AWF), NEPAD Infrastructure Project Preparation Facility, the Special Fund for the Reconstruction and Development of the Great Lakes Region, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative (RWSSI) and the Congo Basin Forests Fund (CBFF) which is also in the area of protection of African ecosystems. The consideration for the Bank to host the CDSF is therefore in line with the Bank’s mission and capacity to mobilize technical and financial resources to ensure appropriate climate information to promote sustainable development planning in Africa. The CDSF will be continually replenished to support long-term adaptation to climate change.