第二次イーペルの戦い

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  • 第二次イーペルの戦いは、第一次世界大戦中、1915年4月22日から5月25日まで、ベルギーのフラマン地方にある戦略的なイーペルの町の支配をめぐって行われた戦闘です。
  • この戦いは、ドイツが西部戦線で初めて毒ガスを大量に使用したものであり、ドイツ帝国を倒した元植民地軍（カナダ軍）がヨーロッパで勝利した最初の戦闘でもあります。
  • イーペル突出部が攻撃の対象となりました。この突出部は町を中心に東に広がっていました。突出部の北はベルギー軍がイーサー川の防線を守り、突出部の北端は2つのフランス師団が占拠していました。突出部の東部はカナダ軍と2つのイギリス師団が守備していました。第2軍のII軍団とV軍団は第1、第2、第3騎兵師団、第4、第27、第28、ノーサンブリア、ラホール、第1カナダ師団で構成されていました。
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日本語訳をお願いいたします。

Second Battle of Ypres During World War I, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from 22 April – 25 May 1915 for control of the strategic Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the previous autumn. The Second Battle of Ypres was the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front. It also marked the first time a former colonial force (the 1st Canadian Division) defeated a European power (the German Empire) in Europe (at the Battle of St. Julien and Battle of Kitcheners' Wood). The eminent German chemist Walther Nernst, who was in the army in 1914 as a volunteer driver, saw how trenches produced deadlock. He proposed to Colonel Max Bauer, the German general staff officer responsible for liaison with scientists, that they could empty the opposing trenches by a surprise attack with tear gas. Observing a field test of this idea, the chemist Fritz Haber instead proposed using heavier than air chlorine gas (originally preferring the use of the more deadly phosgene gas, though little was stockpiled for such a use). The German commander Erich von Falkenhayn agreed to try the new weapon, but intended to use it in a diversionary attack by his 4th Army. The gas would be released by siphoning liquid chlorine out of cylinders; the gas could not be released directly because the valves would freeze; wind would carry the gas to the enemy lines. 5,730 gas cylinders, the larger weighing 90 pounds (41 kg) each, were manhandled into the front line. Installation was supervised by Haber and the other future Nobel prize winners Otto Hahn, James Franck and Gustav Hertz. Twice cylinders were breached by shell fire, the second time three men were killed and fifty wounded. Some of the Germans were protected by miner's oxygen breathing apparatus. The Ypres salient was the selected for the attack. It followed the canal, bulging eastward around the town. North of the salient, the Belgian army held the line of the Yser and the north end of the salient was held by two French divisions. The eastern part of the salient was defended by the Canadian and two British divisions. The II Corps and V Corps of the Second Army comprised the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Divisions and the 4th, 27th, 28th, Northumbrian, Lahore and 1st Canadian divisions. Second Battle of Ypres　第二次イーペルの戦い

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  • Nakay702
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＞Second Battle of Ypres 　During World War I, the Second Battle of Ypres was fought from 22 April – 25 May 1915 for control of the strategic Flemish town of Ypres in western Belgium. The First Battle of Ypres had been fought the previous autumn. The Second Battle of Ypres was the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front. It also marked the first time a former colonial force (the 1st Canadian Division) defeated a European power (the German Empire) in Europe (at the Battle of St. Julien and Battle of Kitcheners' Wood). ⇒「第二次イープルの戦い」 　第一次世界大戦中の1915年4月22日－5月25日、ベルギー西部イープルにある戦略的なフランドルの町の支配権を求めて「第二次イープルの戦い」が行われた。「第一次イープルの戦い」は前年の秋に行われた。「第二次イープルの戦い」は、西部戦線でドイツ軍による最初の毒ガスの大量使用があった。それはまた、元植民地軍（第1カナダ師団）が、（「セント・ジュリアンの戦い」と「キッチェナーズ・ウッドの戦い」で）ヨーロッパで西欧列強（ドイツ帝国）を初めて破ったときでもあった。 ＞The eminent German chemist Walther Nernst, who was in the army in 1914 as a volunteer driver, saw how trenches produced deadlock. He proposed to Colonel Max Bauer, the German general staff officer responsible for liaison with scientists, that they could empty the opposing trenches by a surprise attack with tear gas. Observing a field test of this idea, the chemist Fritz Haber instead proposed using heavier than air chlorine gas (originally preferring the use of the more deadly phosgene gas, though little was stockpiled for such a use). ⇒1914年、攻撃義勇兵として陸軍に入っていたドイツの著名な化学者ヴァルター・ネルンストは、塹壕がデッドロック（雪隠詰め）を引き起こす様子を目の当たりにした。彼は、科学者との連絡を担当するドイツ軍の総本部将校であるマックス・バウアー大佐に、催涙ガスを使った不意の攻撃で敵勢の塹壕を空にできると提案した。化学者フリッツ・ハーバーは、このアイデアの実地試験を観察して、空気塩素ガスの代わりにそれより重いガスを使用することを提案した（元々はより致命的なホスゲンガスの使用を望んでいたが、それは、そのような用途にはほとんど備蓄されていなかった）。 ＞The German commander Erich von Falkenhayn agreed to try the new weapon, but intended to use it in a diversionary attack by his 4th Army. The gas would be released by siphoning liquid chlorine out of cylinders; the gas could not be released directly because the valves would freeze; wind would carry the gas to the enemy lines. 5,730 gas cylinders, the larger weighing 90 pounds (41 kg) each, were manhandled into the front line. Installation was supervised by Haber and the other future Nobel prize winners Otto Hahn, James Franck and Gustav Hertz. Twice cylinders were breached by shell fire, the second time three men were killed and fifty wounded. Some of the Germans were protected by miner's oxygen breathing apparatus. ⇒ドイツ軍の司令官エーリッヒ・フォン・ファルケンハインは新しい武器を試すことに同意したが、彼としては第4方面軍による陽動攻撃でそれを使用することを意図した。バルブが凍結するためガスを直接放出することはできないが、シリンダーから液体塩素を吸い上げることでガスが放出されるだろう。風がガスを敵の戦線へ運ぶだろう。重量90ポンド（41 kg）の大型ガスシリンダー5,730本が、最前線に手作業で運ばれた。ハーバーのほかに、ノーベル賞受賞者であるオットー・ハーン、ジェームズ・フランク、グスタフ・ヘルツらの監督下で設置作業が行われた。砲撃を受けてシリンダーが2回破壊され、その2回目の砲火で3人の兵士が死亡し、50人が負傷した。ドイツ軍の何人かは、鉱夫の酸素呼吸装置によって保護されていた。 ＞The Ypres salient was the selected for the attack. It followed the canal, bulging eastward around the town. North of the salient, the Belgian army held the line of the Yser and the north end of the salient was held by two French divisions. The eastern part of the salient was defended by the Canadian and two British divisions. The II Corps and V Corps of the Second Army comprised the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Divisions and the 4th, 27th, 28th, Northumbrian, Lahore and 1st Canadian divisions. ⇒イープルの突出部が攻撃（目標）に選択された。それは、運河伝いに町の周りを東に向かって膨らんでいた。突出部の北では、ベルギー軍がイゼールの戦線を保持し、突出部の北端はフランス軍の2個師団がそれを保持していた。突出部の東部は、カナダ軍師団と英国軍の2個師団によって守られていた。第5方面軍の第II軍団と第V軍団とは、第1、第2、および第3騎兵師団と、第4、第27、第28、ノーサンブリア、ラホールの各師団、および第1カナダ師団で構成されていた。

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