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地震についてのアカデミックな英文があるのですが、意味が理解できないので日本語訳をお願いしたいです。お願いします。 Earth build until huge rock masses beneath the Earth's surface slip and slide in opposite directions along this fracture in the rock, shaking the ground above.
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- 以下の英文解釈について。TOEFL OGより抜粋
Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and those slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. この一文のcarrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. ですが、文法の観点から説明するとどうなるのでしょうか。 them huge quantities という名詞のつながりがどうして起こるのか理解出来ません。carrying huge quantities of eroded rock debris with themなら理解できますが。。 ちなみに、themはmasses of iceを指すようです。
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He counted how long he could hold his breath. Each day he improved his time. Even back at home he timed himself by the clock, and was proud to find he could hold his breath for two minutes. The authority of the clock brought close the adventure that was so important to him. The day after tomorrow, his mother reminded him casually one morning, they must go home. He swam straight out to the rock and looked down into the water. This was the moment when he would try. If he did not do it now, he never would. He filled his lungs, started to count, and dived to the bottom. He was soon inside the dark, narrow hole. The water pushed him up against the roof. The roof was sharp and hurt his back. He pulled himself along with his hands — fast, fast. His head knocked against something; a sharp pain dizzied him. He counted: one hundred… one hundred and fifteen. The hole had widened! He gave himself a kick forward and swam as fast as he could. He lost track of time and said one hundred and fifteen to himself again. Then he saw light. Victory filled him. His hands, reaching forward, met nothing; and his feet propelled him out into the open sea. He floated to the surface, pulled himself up onto the rock and lay face down, catching his breath. After a time he felt better and sat up. Then he swam to shore and climbed slowly up the path to the house. His mother came to meet him, smiling. “Have a nice time?” she asked. “Oh, yes, thank you,” he said. “How did you cut your head?” “Oh, I just cut it.” They sat down to lunch together. “Mom,” he said, “I can hold my breath for two minutes — three minutes.” “Can you, darling?” she said. “Well, you shouldn’t overdo it. You look a bit pale. I don’t think you ought to swim any more today.” She was ready for a battle of wills, but he gave in at once. It was no longer of the least importance to go to the bay.
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This caused the 9th German Army to alter its offensive direction, thus reducing pressure along the Nămoloasa front. Furthermore, a breach that could be further opened had been created in the enemy lines; a basis now existed from which the Allied armies could greatly expand their offensive operations on the Romanian Front.In order to honour the memory of the heroes of Mărăști and to keep alive a recollection of the fighting that occurred there, the cornerstone of the Mărăști Mausoleum was laid in a ceremony on June 10, 1928. The mausoleum was built at an altitude of 536 m (where some of the heaviest fighting took place) at the initiative of a group of officers and generals who were part of the Mărăști Society in the commune of Răcoasa, village of Mărăști. Above the entrance gate to the mausoleum grounds there is a sign that reads, "The historic battlefield of Mărăști". The architect Pandele Șerbănescu designed the mausoleum, with bas-reliefs executed by Aurel Bordenache. Spread out over a surface of 1000 m², the mausoleum is held up by two large rectangular concrete pillars on top of which two urns were placed in which an eternal flame once burned. The pillars are amply decorated with bronze bas-reliefs that depict a Romanian peasant crossing the front with information about the enemy, and the reception given to a Romanian general by the inhabitants of Marăști. Between the two pillars, on a concrete wall, there are thirteen white marble slabs inscribed with the names of over 900 Romanian troops who fell in battle. In the basement there are soldiers' ossuaries as well as crypts for the officers who fell in battle. After their deaths, the coffins of Marshal Alexandru Averescu and those of Generals Artur Văitoianu, Alexandru Mărgineanu and Nicolae Arghirescu were laid to rest here. The mausoleum, open Tuesday through Sunday from 9 am to 5 pm, can be reached by the Focșani - Soveja county highway.
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この文章の英語の訳をお願いします＞＜； ・The winding gear pulled hard but the boat started to list, and before they knew what was happening they had capsized, and all three crew members were in the water. ・They had been sunk by a swarm of huge jellyfish that had filled the net and unbalanced the boat. ・The problem facing Japanese fishermen is the huge swarms of this species, which can fill their nets to breaking point or even capsize the sip, as in the example above. ・Even if the net remains intact, the pison from the tentacles can kill the fish in the net and make their poisoned flesh inedible; catches must be discarded, and the economic damage to the industry as a whole is estimated at billions of yen every year. ・The reason for the increasing frequency of outbreaks is as yet unclear. ・Nomuras's jellyfish are known to drift on ocean currents from the Chinese coast, crossing the East China Sea to Japan. ・This has led to speculation that pollution along the Chinese coast from agricltural run-off has increased plankton there and provided ideal breeding conditions for the creature. ・Another theory suggests a correlation between global warming and jellyfish outbreakes in various locations around the world. ・Succh research is ongoing, with scientists such as Professor Shinichi Uye of Hiroshima University leading the way. ・By studying the life-cycle of Nomura's jellyfish, he hopes in the long term to identify the exact cause or causes of the out breaks. ・In the short term, he and his colleagues are developing a sysem for creating accurate jellyfish forecasts to at least give Japanese fishermen an early warning of future invasion. よろしくお願いします！！！！
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以下の英文が難しくて、日本語訳ができません。だれか教えてください。お願いします。 (1)Ozone in the Earth's stratosphere protects us from the Sun's most damaging rays. (2)Rowland and Molina believed that chlorine would mix with ozone on the surface of ice particles in the stratosphere and, when hit by sunlight, would eat away at this fragile protective skin, allowing the sun's ultraviolet rays to stream unblocked through the atmosphere, thereby damaging plant and animal health, causing skin cancer, and even threatening damage to our eyesight. (3)In 1984 a dramatic hole in the ozone layer was discovered above Antarctica, just as the scientists forecasted. 特に(2)ついては、chlorineが主語となっていて、付帯状況をしめす分詞構文が４つ繋がっている。これらはすべて【～して】や【～しながら】と訳す。 と書いてあるんですが、さっぱりわかりません。
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Almost immediately, the crew scrambled to launch the lifeboats but the conditions of the sinking made their usage extremely difficult, and in some cases impossible due to the ship's severe list. In all, only six out of 48 lifeboats were launched successfully, with several more overturning and breaking apart. Eighteen minutes after the torpedo struck, the bow struck the seabed while the stern was still above the surface, and finally the ship slid beneath the waves. Of the 1,962 passengers and crew aboard Lusitania at the time of the sinking, 1,198 lost their lives. As in the sinking of the RMS Titanic, most of the casualties were from drowning or hypothermia. In the hours after the sinking, acts of heroism amongst both the survivors of the sinking and the Irish rescuers who had heard word of Lusitania's distress signals brought the survivor count to 764, three of whom later died from injuries sustained during the sinking. A British cruiser HMS Juno, which had heard of the sinking only a short time after Lusitania was struck, left her anchorage in Cork Harbour to render assistance. Just south of Roche's Point at the mouth of the harbour only an hour from the site of the sinking she turned and returned to her mooring as a result, it is believed, of orders issued from Admiralty House in Cobh (HQ Haulbowline naval base), then known as Queenstown. By the following morning, news of the disaster had spread around the world. While most of those lost in the sinking were British or Canadians, the loss of 128 Americans in the disaster, including writer and publisher Elbert Hubbard, theatrical producer Charles Frohman, multi-millionaire businessman Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, and the president of Newport News Shipbuilding, Albert L. Hopkins, outraged many in the United States. The sinking caused an international outcry, especially in Britain and across the British Empire, as well as in the United States, since 128 out of 139 U.S. citizens aboard the ship lost their lives. On 8 May, Dr Bernhard Dernburg, a German spokesman and a former German Colonial Secretary, published a statement in which he said that because Lusitania "carried contraband of war" and also because she "was classed as an auxiliary cruiser," Germany had a right to destroy her regardless of any passengers aboard. Dernburg claimed warnings given by the German Embassy before the sailing plus the 18 February note declaring the existence of "war zones" relieved Germany of any responsibility for the deaths of American citizens aboard. He referred to the ammunition and military goods declared on Lusitania's manifest and said that "vessels of that kind" could be seized and destroyed under the Hague rules.
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ニューヨークタイムスの新聞記事の途中からですが、下記の訳を知りたいです。 長いですがどなたかよろしくお願いします。 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/world/asia/12codes.html?_r=1 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/11/world/asia/maps-of-earthquake-and-tsunami-damage-in-japan.html ↑下記の文書が載っているHP But Japan’s “massive public education program” could in the end have saved the most lives, said Rich Eisner, a retired tsunami preparedness expert who was attending a conference on the topic at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Md., on Friday. In one town, Ofunato, which was struck by a major tsunami in 1960, dozens of signs in Japanese and English mark escape routes, and emergency sirens are tested three times a day, Mr. Eisner said. Initial reports from Ofunato on Friday suggested that hundreds of homes had been swept away; the death toll was not yet known. But Matthew Francis of URS Corporation and a member of the civil engineering society’s tsunami subcommittee, said that education may have been the critical factor. “For a trained population, a matter of 5 or 10 minutes is all you may need to get to high ground,” Mr. Francis said. That would be in contrast to the much less experienced Southeast Asians, many of whom died in the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami because they lingered near the coast. Reports in the Japanese news media indicate that people originally listed as missing in remote areas have been turning up in schools and community centers, suggesting that tsunami education and evacuation drills were indeed effective. A version of this article appeared in print on March 12, 2011, on page A1 of the New York edition. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How Shifting Plates Caused the Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan Shifting plates and rising water The sudden movement of the Pacific tectonic plate under the North American plate caused a massive earthquake and a tsunami. Magnitude of shaking An 8.9-magnitude earthquake struck the coast of Japan on Friday at a depth of about 17 miles below the earth's surface. Dozens of aftershocks, some of magnitude 6.0 or greater, were felt after the quake. Source: U.S. Geological Survey Predicted tsunami wave heights The tsunami set off warnings for much of the Pacific basin including the west coast of the United States and South America. Officials say waves have not caused major damage in Hawaii and pose no flooding danger in California. Source: NOAA Center for Tsunami Research, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory By JOE BURGESS, JONATHAN CORUM, AMANDA COX, MATTHEW ERICSON, XAQUÍN G.V., ALAN McLEAN, TOMOEH MURAKAMI-TSE, HAEYOUN PARK, GRAHAM ROBERTS, AMY SCHOENFELD, ARCHIE TSE, JOE WARD and JEREMY WHITE
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訳が良くわかりません。日本語訳お願い致します!! Frontier imagery has been used in everything from advertising to presidential speeches. In the 1960s John F. Kennedy spoke of a "New Frontier" to inspire optimism, the fight against communism, and the conquest of space- ideas echoed in the TV series Star Trek with its exploration of space, "the final frontier." The frontier myth contains many serious distortions of history. Is it still possible to believe that the American West was "won" in a heroic struggle? Weren't thousands of Native Americans killed and their lands taken to found a nation from sea to sea? Films such as Dances with Wolves(1990) and Geronimo(1994) are openly critical of the violent history of the West.
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ニューヨークタイムスの新聞記事です。下記の訳を知りたいです。 長いですがどなたかよろしくお願いします。 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/12/world/asia/12codes.html?_r=1 ↑下記の文章が載っているホームページ A bus stop was crushed by part of a wall that had fallen from a nearby building in the city of Sendai, where a tsunami roared over embankments. Hidden inside the skeletons of high-rise towers, extra steel bracing, giant rubber pads and embedded hydraulic shock absorbers make modern Japanese buildings among the sturdiest in the world during a major earthquake. And all along the Japanese coast, tsunami warning signs, towering seawalls and well-marked escape routes offer some protection from walls of water. An oil refinery burned in the city of Chiba after Friday’s earthquake. In Japan, where quakes are more common than in the United States, building codes have long been much more stringent. These precautions, along with earthquake and tsunami drills that are routine for every Japanese citizen, show why Japan is the best-prepared country in the world for the twin disasters of earthquake and tsunami — practices that undoubtedly saved lives, though the final death toll is unknown. In Japan, where earthquakes are far more common than they are in the United States, the building codes have long been much more stringent on specific matters like how much a building may sway during a quake. After the Kobe earthquake in 1995, which killed about 6,000 people and injured 26,000, Japan also put enormous resources into new research on protecting structures, as well as retrofitting the country’s older and more vulnerable structures. Japan has spent billions of dollars developing the most advanced technology against earthquakes and tsunamis. Japan has gone much further than the United States in outfitting new buildings with advanced devices called base isolation pads and energy dissipation units to dampen the ground’s shaking during an earthquake. The isolation devices are essentially giant rubber-and-steel pads that are installed at the very bottom of the excavation for a building, which then simply sits on top of the pads. The dissipation units are built into a building’s structural skeleton. They are hydraulic cylinders that elongate and contract as the building sways, sapping the motion of energy. Of course, nothing is entirely foolproof. Structural engineers monitoring the events from a distance cautioned that the death toll was likely to rise as more information became available. Dr. Jack Moehle, a structural engineer at the University of California, Berkeley, said that video of the disaster seemed to show that some older buildings had indeed collapsed. The country that gave the world the word tsunami, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, built concrete seawalls in many communities, some as high as 40 feet, which amounted to its first line of defense against the water. In some coastal towns, in the event of an earthquake, networks of sensors are set up to set off alarms in individual residences and automatically shut down floodgates to prevent waves from surging upriver. Critics of the seawalls say they are eyesores and bad for the environment. The seawalls, they say, can instill a false sense of security among coastal residents and discourage them from participating in regular evacuation drills. Moreover, by literally cutting residents’ visibility of the ocean, the seawalls reduce their ability to understand the sea by observing wave patterns, critics say. Waves from Friday’s tsunami spilled over some seawalls in the affected areas. “The tsunami roared over embankments in Sendai city, washing cars, houses and farm equipment inland before reversing directions and carrying them out to sea,” according to a statement by a Japanese engineer, Kit Miyamoto, circulated by the American Society of Civil Engineers. “Flames shot from some of the houses, probably because of burst gas pipes.”
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Hideyoshi, it will be remembered, had appreciated the need to reduce the daimyo to a state of permanent submission to the central authority, but had not done very much in practice to bring this about. The Tokugawa, with characteristic efficiency, made good this shortcoming at the first opportunity, aware that, unlike Buddhists or court, the domain lords were in a position to resists them with force. Consequently, the law for the military house (buke sho hatto), promulgated in 1615 on the morrow of Ieyasu’s culminating victory at Osaka castle, ranks as the most important single enactment of the regime. 日本語訳 皆の知る通り、秀吉は中央権力への永続的服従となる状態まで大名を減らす必要性を十分に理解してはいたが、実際にこれをもたらすよう力を注ぎはしなかった。 徳川は仏教徒や朝廷とは違い、藩主達は武力で彼らに対抗する立場であることを認識していたので、独特の効果的な動きで、可及的速やかにこの欠点を埋め合わせた。その結果、徳川政府において、単体としては最も重要な法度と位置付けられている武士の家系の為の法律（武家諸法度）を大阪城での家康の最終的な勝利の直後、1615年に布告した
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