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DNAを使った目の色予測の新たな手法が開発されました
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科学者達は目の色を正確に推定できるこれら一塩基多型のもっとも小さな亜集団（サブセット）を見つける為に強力な数学的アルゴリズムを使用し、90％以上の精度で青と茶色の目の色を推定できる6つを発見しました。 チームはカレントバイオロジー（※1）にそのレポートを載せています。 他の色の目に関してこのテストでの精度は低く70％を少し上回る程度でした。 大多数の人の目は濃褐色か青であり、北欧をルーツとする人々の主調色（※2）は青であるのに比べ南欧や世界のほかの場所に祖先をもつ人々では濃褐色が支配的でした。 いまのところ、このテストはヨーロッパ系オランダ人だけは正確に出せることを示しています。 他の国でこの捜査を採用するには更なる研究が必要です。 いままでで最高の推定テストでもデータの精度は80％前後なのです、とカイザーは言います。 「悪い数値ではないが、科学捜査として十分な精度ではない。」と。 オランダ法科学研究所は、年内に科学捜査事案において新しい手法を適応する予定です。 オランダの法律では目の色の推定にDNA使用を許可しています。 しかしカイザーは、多くの国々が法医学的応用を使った捜査を認める為の法律修正が必要になると告げます。 オランダ、ライデン大学薬学センターの法医遺伝子学者、ピーター（ペーターかも）・デ・クニフは、得られた結果により髪や肌の色を推定する為の、もっと信頼性のおける遺伝子検査を開発する競争に拍車がかかると言います。 「個人の地理的起源推定用のより正確な包括捜査にこれら、目、髪、肌3つの色を組み合わせたものは、おそらく何者かわからない容疑者に関する情報収集の為の一般的パッケージに組み込まれることになるでしょう。」と彼は言います。 理論上この手法は胎児の目の色を推測することも可能であり、デザイナーベイビー（※3）への懸念を燃え上がらせるものでもあります。 「様々な倫理的、法的課題があるのです。」とカイザーは強調します。 ※1：学術雑誌です。下記を参照してください。 http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC ※2：配色全体の印象を支配する色のこと。支配色とも言いますが、優性遺伝子と関係します。 ※3：詳細については下記を参照してください。 http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC
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Police might soon be able to tell the eye colour of criminals from DNA recovered from crime scenes, thanks to a new genetic study. A team of scientists led by Manfred Kayser, of Erasmus University Medical Centre in Rotterdam, has developed a method that predicts eye colour with unprecedented accuracy. The method could also be used on ancient DNA to profile early modern humans or even Neanderthals. And as eye colour is determined by many genes, the work also raises hopes for predictive genetic tests for diseases that are influenced by numerous genes, such as heart disease. Kayser's team looked at DNA from more than 6,000, Dutch Europeans from Rotterdam. About 68% of these people had blue eyes, whereas around 23% had brown eyes. The researchers focused on eight genes known to be associated with eye colour. These genes code for proteins involved in the production or distribution of the iris, skin, and the hair pigments eumelanin and pheomelanin. The strongest effect on eye colour is determined by two adjacent genes, OCA2 and HERC2, on chromosome 15, but these don't paint the full picture. Kayser's team zeroed in on 37 sites of genetic variation in the eight genes. These sites — called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) — are points where one of the four letters in the DNA code of chemical bases is substituted for another. よろしくお願いしますorz
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The fact that major theories which involve hundreds of theorems and thousands of deductions about abstractions still cleave as closely to reality as the axioms, speaks for a power of mathematics to represent and predict real phenomena with incredible accuracy.
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After 20 weeks, the monkeys' colour skills improved dramatically, indicating that Dalton and Sam had acquired the ability to see in three shades. Both monkeys have retained this skill for more than two years with no apparent side effects, the researchers report in Nature. Adding the missing gene was sufficient to restore full colour vision without further rewiring of the brain even though the monkeys had been colour blind since birth. "There is this plasticity still in the brain and it is possible to treat cone defects with gene therapy," says Alexander Smith, a molecular biologist and vision researcher at University College London, who did not contribute to the study. "It doesn't seem like new neural connections have to be formed," says Komáromy. "You can add an additional cone opsin pigment and the neural circuitry and visual pathways can deal with it." Three human gene therapy trials are currently under way for loss of sight due to serious degeneration of the retina. These phase I safety studies injected a similar type of virus vector (but carrying a different gene) behind the retina as in the monkeys, and people treated have shown no serious adverse effects more than a year after, with some participants reporting marked improvements in vision. These first human trials — which repair rods, a different type of photoreceptor cell — can be seen as a safety benchmark for any future treatment of cone diseases and colour blindness in humans, says Neitz. "The biggest issue is that people who are colour blind have very good vision," Neitz says. "So before people are going to want to treat colour blindness you're going to want to ensure that this is completely safe, and that's going to take some work." よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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Once the electrode was implanted, the team used a computer model of speech that Guenther had developed over the past 15 years to decode the signals coming from the man’s brain and discern which vowel sounds he was thinking about. Guenther presented the results at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in Washington DC on 19 November. So far, the patient has been able “to produce three vowel sounds with good accuracy”, says Guenther. This happens as quickly as normal speech, he says. “The long-term goal within five years is to have him use the speech brain－computer interface to produce words directly”, Guenther says. Most of the interfaces currently being developed transmit signals from the region of the brain that controls movement to either a prosthetic arm or even, as shown by a recent study in monkeys, the subject’s own arm. According to Guenther, this is the first brain－computer interface that has been tailored for speech. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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People in areas with a relatively cool climate think that they are free from catching malaria. However, recent changes in climate let mosquitoes move into parts of the world that used to be too cold for them to survive. For example, in Papua New Guinea, the higher mountain areas are becoming warmer, and mosquitoes may affect another two million people. As the world becomes warmer, the spread of malaria will be more and more of an urgent global concern.
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