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次の英文の訳がわからずこまっています。EL発光の論文です。よろしくお願
次の英文の訳がわからずこまっています。EL発光の論文です。よろしくお願いします。 We have used several different method in our attemps to obtain electroluminescence from organic compounds, the methods differing in the way in which a thin layer was prepared and mounted between the electrodes.
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- 有機ＥＬに関する論文
有機ＥＬに関する論文を読んでいるのですが、いくつかわからないところがあり困っています。少しでも良いので、手助けしてくださると助かります。よろしくお願いします。おおまかには、アントラセン誘導体のいくつかの分子（アントラセンにＳが差し込まれたり、Ｏが差し込まれたり、アリル置換其やアルキル置換其の長さが違ったり）を用意し、それらを発光層に用いた有機ＥＬ素子の特性の違いを見ていくという内容です。 用いた分子・[9,10-bis(1-dodecylthio)anthracene(ADS), 9,10-bis(1-propylthio)anthracene (APrS), 9,10-bis(phenylthio)anthracene (APS), and 9,10-bis(2-naphthylthio)anthracene(ANS)] and an ether, [9,10-bis(1-dodecyloxy)anthracene (ADO)] ・The bathochromic shift (5 nm) of the sulfide derivative ADS in comparison to that of the ether derivative ADO indicated that the decrease in the HOMO–LUMO band gap was due to an electron delocalization effect from the heavier chalcogen atom. 「硫化物誘導体ADSの深色シフト（５nm）、（エーテル誘導体ADOのそれと比べ、）は、ホモールモバンドギャップの減少は、より重たいカルコゲン原子からの電子非局在化効果によるものだったということを示した。」 と訳したのですが、よく意味がわかりません。 ・In contrast, the aryl substituents, both phenyl (of APS) and naphthyl (of ANS), caused a red shift, possibly due to the participation of the conjugated system between the aryl substituents and the anthracene ring. 「対照的に、アリル置換基、フェニル（APSの）とナフチル（ANSの）、は、赤方偏移を引き起こした。これは、アリル置換基とアントラセン環の間の共役させた系の関与による。」 これもよく意味がわかりません。共役と赤方偏移にはどういう関係があるのでしょうか。 ・The lower fluorescence quantum yields of the other anthracene sulfide derivatives might be attributed to quenching from the sulfide substituents, that is, the sulfur lone pair of electrons participated in the photo-induced electron transfer to the excited state of the anthracene 消光の原因（？）である、that is以降の分の意味がわかりません。 ・Due to the low melting temperatures and potentially close p-stack solid state packing of ADO, ADS, and APrS, poly(Nvinylcarbazole)(PVK) was used as a host material matrix in all the electroluminescence (EL) devices to improve the film-forming properties in the emitting layer, which was fabricated by a spin coating process. Due to が修飾している文の意味がよくわかりません。
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On 21 October the XX Corps' 60th (London) Division defended the Shellal to Karm area with the 53rd (Welsh) Division on their left, while the front line extending into No Man's Land was defended by the Australian Mounted Division based at Tel el Fara with the Anzac Mounted Division in reserve at Abasan el Kebir. During the evening of 21 October, the 179th Brigade (60th Division) and the 2nd Light Horse Brigade (Anzac Mounted Division) moved down the Wadi Ghazzeh to Esani, to develop the water supply in preparation for the advance to Beersheba. 23 October Ottoman attacks At 05:00 a squadron of the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars (RGH), 5th Mounted Brigade, advanced to reoccupy the el Buqqar, Point 720 to Kh Imleih and Point 630 line, when they encountered a squadron of Ottoman soldiers holding el Buqqar, with a second squadron supported by machine guns holding Point 720. Between 05:30 and 06:00 six motor cars, one with eight enemy occupants were seen at Point 720, which retired eastwards when the yeomanry appeared. The leading troop of RGH was charged from the flank, by three Ottoman troops as they approached Point 720. During the attack one man was captured when his horse fell. The Ottoman soldiers withdrew from el Buqqar at 06:00, when threatened by a yeomanry flanking movement, and machine gun fire. By 07:00 the Ottoman squadron holding Point 720 and rifle pits, was also forced to retreat by a "well executed" converging attack made by two squadrons of Gloucester and Warwickshire Yeomanry, covered by one section of Royal Horse Artillery (RHA). The leading yeomanry troop reached Point 630, just before a squadron of Ottoman soldiers attacked. The Ottoman attackers were driven back from close quarters by yeomanry rifle and Hotchkiss machine gun fire. At the same time as these Ottoman attackers were retiring, one yeomanry troop captured Imleih ridge, but were immediately attacked by three Ottoman troops from the Wadi Hanafish. This Ottoman attack was also stopped, at "short range" by yeomanry rifle and Hotchkiss fire. Both these attacks had been covered by Ottoman high explosive and shrapnel fire, from the direction of Abu Irgeig and north of Bir Ifteis. The Ottoman units suffered at least 17 killed and wounded, while the yeomanry suffered six wounded and one missing.
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The British commander General Edmund Allenby needed to establish a defensive line running from the Mediterranean Sea which could be held with reasonable security once his right flank was secured on the Dead Sea. In order to consolidate a strong British line, it was necessary to push the 3rd and 7th Divisions, part of the XXII Corps, of the Ottoman Eighth Army away from the Nahr el Auja 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Jaffa on the Mediterranean coast. The river was defended on the northern bank, by a trench system, from Mulebbis and Fejja to Bald Hill. From Mulebbis to the sea the river is between 40 to 50 feet (12 to 15 m) wide and 10 feet (3.0 m) deep except for the ford. The first attack across the Nahr el Auja, was little more than a raid, on the night of 24/25 November by two infantry battalions from the 54th (East Anglian) Division and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade. The outnumbered battalions, were driven back by the Ottoman defenders, as they recaptured the bridgeheads and restored the tactical situation. Three infantry divisions of the British XXI Corps, under the command of Lieutenant General Edward Bulfin, began moving their units into position on the coastal plain on 7 December. The 75th Division was on the right with the 54th (East Anglian) Division in the centre and the 52nd (Lowland) Division on the left at the coast. The 162nd (East Midland) Brigade, relieved the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in the front line on 11 December and the mounted riflemen, who had been heavily involved in the earlier attempt to capture the Nahr el Auja, moved back to bivouac near Ayun Kara. On 14 December Major General John Hill, the commanding officer of the Lowland Division, submitted a plan for a surprise assault across the river by his division. Artillery was concentrated behind the lines, while the division's Royal Engineers, formed pontoons and canvas coracle boats, that were large enough to accommodate twenty men. It had initially been planned for a heavy artillery bombardment to proceed the attack, however Hill suggested they instead try a surprise attack without the artillery bombardment.
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On 1 March 1916 hostilities began between the Sudanese government and the Sultan of Darfur. The Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition was conducted, to forestall an imagined invasion of Sudan and Egypt by the Darfurian leader, Sultan Ali Dinar, which was believed to have been synchronised with a Sanussi advance into Egypt from the west.The Sirdar (commander) of the Egyptian Army, organised a force of c. 2,000 men at Rahad, a railhead 200 miles (320 km) east of the Darfur frontier. On 16 March, the force crossed the frontier mounted in lorries from a forward base established at Nahud, 90 miles (140 km) from the border, with the support of four aircraft. By May the force was close to the Darfur capital of El Fasher. At the Affair of Beringia on 22 May, the Fur Army was defeated and the Anglo-Egyptian force captured the capital the next day. Dinar and 2,000 followers had left before their arrival and as they moved south, were bombed from the air. French troops in Chad who had returned from the Kamerun Campaign, prevented a Darfurian withdrawal westwards. Dinar withdrew into the Marra mountains 50 miles (80 km) south of El Fasher and sent envoys to discuss terms but the British believed he was prevaricating and ended the talks on 1 August. Internal dissension reduced the force with Dinar to c. 1,000 men and Anglo-Egyptian outposts were pushed out from El Fasher to the west and south-west, after the August rains. A skirmish took place at Dibbis on 13 October and Dinar opened negotiations but was again suspected of bad faith. Dinar fled south-west to Gyuba and a small force was sent in pursuit. At dawn on 6 November the Anglo-Egyptians attacked in the Affair of Gyuba and Dinar's remaining followers scattered. The body of the Sultan was found 1 mile (1.6 km) from the camp. After the expedition, Darfur was incorporated into Sudan.
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いつもお世話になっています．３番目の文が特に自信がありません．宜しくお願いします． RESULTS Raman pseudo-color maps In all 15 samples, obtained from 15 different patients, the pseudo-color Raman map and the microscopic image of the H&E stained sample were found to correlate very well. An example is shown in Fig 2. Figure 2(a) shows a pseudo-color Raman map of a BCC and the surrounding dermis, the area that was scanned measured 410×180 μm. The Raman map, which is the result of a KCA of the 3108 Raman spectra (see Materials and Methods) closely corresponds to the microscopic image of the H&E stained adjacent section (Fig 2b).It shows that the black area in the Raman map corresponds to tumor tissue; the white area corresponds to the surrounding tissue. The cluster averages of Raman spectra, collected from the scanned area are shown in Fig 2(c). There is a marked difference between the Raman spectra of BCC (spectrum 1) and surrounding tumor-free dermis (spectrum 2). 結果 ラマン疑似カラーマップ １５人の異なる患者から得られた全１５試料について，擬似カラーラマンマップとHE染色試料の顕微鏡イメージには良好な相関関係が見いだされた．実例を図２に示した．図２（ａ）はBCCおよび周囲の真皮の擬似カラーラマンマップを示し，その領域は正確に410×180μｍ走査された．3108のラマンスペクトルのKCA（材料と方法参照）の結果であるラマンマップは隣の欄に示したH&E染色の顕微鏡画像と厳密に一致した．（←少し意訳しました．） ラマンマップ中の黒い領域は腫瘍組織と一致し，白い領域は周辺の組織と一致した．ラマンスペクトルのクラスターの平均（そしてそれは、走査領域から選択されたものであるが）は図２ｃに示した．BCCのスペクトル（スペクトル１）と周辺の腫瘍を含まない真皮（スペクトル２）に著しい差がある．
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QNo.8115584の続きです．おもしろそう（生きたまま電子顕微鏡で動物を観察する技術）なので読み始めました．今回は，とりあえず，完全なお手上げ状態ではありませんでしたが，どなたか添削をお願いします． 因みにA thin polymer membrane, nano-suit, enhancing survival across the continuum between air and high vacuum という論文です． (1)Therefore, future studies to investigate substances in the ECS would need to examine the effective compounds of many animals. (1)しかしながら，今後のＥＣＳに関する物質を調査するための研究は，多くの動物の化合物を調査するために必要である． (2)Plasma is a state of matter similar to gas but in which a large proportion of the particles is ionized. (2)プラズマはガスと似ている物質の状態であるが，大部分の粒子はイオン化されている． (3)Such ionized particles can provide the energy necessary to initiate polymer formation, enabling uniform coating of surfaces with solvent-insoluble polymers(8). (3)このようにイオン化された粒子は，ポリマーの形成を開始するのに必要なエネルギーを提供でき，可溶性および不溶性を持ったポリマー表面の機能を付与する均一コーティングを提供できる（８）． (4)Although plasma polymerization has so far been used only in creating new inert industrial materials or modifications of their surfaces (7, 8), we showed here that it can be applied to the surface of living animals to construct a protective surface barrier. (4)プラズマ重合は，これまでのところ唯一使用されてきた新しい不活性工業物質（すなわちそれらの表面の修飾）に使用されてきたとはいえ（使用されてきたが）（7,8），我々はここで，それは生きている動物の表面を防御する表面バリアを構築するために応用することができることを示した． (5)We further demonstrated that the amphiphilic molecule in solution, the component of the nano-suit, can be fabricated as a biocompatible membrane by only a one-step synthesis (Fig. 3). (5)さらに，我々は溶液に両親媒性分子であること，唯一，ナノスーツの成分は一段合成法による生体適合性のある薄膜として合成ができることを実証した（図３） (6)Recently, the concept of biocompatibility as applied to functional membranes has gained general relevance. (6)最近（近年），機能的な薄膜に適用可能な生体適合性の構想は一般的な関連性（妥当性）を獲得してきた．
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- 発光素子の論文を読んでいるんですが、つぎの英文の意味がよくわかりません
発光素子の論文を読んでいるんですが、つぎの英文の意味がよくわかりません。すみませんが手助けお願いします。（IIは錯体です。） It has been shown that the PL efficiency of II can be increased by molecular dispersing II in a polymer matrix.
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Climate change is often associated with extreme weather events, melting glaciers and rising sea levels. But it could also have a major impact on human, animal and plant health by making it easier for diseases to spread. Various germs and parasites may find the coming years a time to live longer and prosper. Rising temperatures are changing environments and removing some of their natural impediments. Sonia Altizer is an associate professor at the University of Georgia’s Odum School of Ecology and lead author of the study. She said it’s a review of research done over the past 10 years to see what trends and new information on climate change have emerged. “One of the big themes that has emerged is that there’s a lot of diseases, especially in natural systems, where there as a pretty clear signal that either the prevalence or severity of those diseases has increased in response to climate change.” She said some of those natural systems where the signal is strongest are in the arctic and in warmer oceans. “So in the arctic there are parasitic worms that affect muskox and reindeer, for example, that are developing faster and becoming more prevalent and expanding their ranges. And then in tropical oceans, like Caribbean coral reefs, there’s a large amount of evidence that has mounted that shows that warming interferes with the symbiosis of corals – makes them more vulnerable to disease and at the same time increases the growth rate of some lethal bacteria,” she said. But a second theme emerged indicating that sometimes climate change may have no effect at all. “The other main point that we focused on is that knowing why different pathogens respond differently to climate change is what’s needed to help us predict and ultimately manage disease outbreaks in people and animals and plants,” she said. Some countries will be much better prepared to handle the disease threat than others, like those in Europe and North America. . “Surveillance, vector control, modern sanitation, drugs, vaccines can be deployed to prevent outbreaks of a lot of diseases, especially vector borne disease or diarrheal disease that are much more problematic in the developing world. And so these can counter the effects of climate change and make it hard to detect increases in those pathogens,” said Altizer. Controlling vectors means controlling such things as mosquitos and ticks, which can carry malaria or dengue fever. In developing countries, pathogens affecting agriculture and wildlife could adversely affect food security and the livelihoods of indigenous peoples. So how concerned should health officials be? Altizer said there’s no simple answer. “I think that the answer to it really depends on the location. So where, when and what pathogen? So I think we’re at a stage now where in the next five to ten years scientists will be able to move towards a predictive framework that will be able to answer questions about where in the world and what pathogens are responding and will continue to respond most strongly to climate change.” Altizer says the effects of climate change will unfold over decades. So it’s vital to follow long-term standardized data for many diseases and pathogens. She said crop management may be a good example to follow. It has a long history of tracking disease outbreaks, forecasting potential threats and responding to those threats early.
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QNo.8068764の続きです．おもしろそう（生きたまま電子顕微鏡で動物を観察する技術）なので読み始めましたが，特に，がしっくりしません．どなたか添削をお願いします． 因みにA thin polymer membrane, nano-suit, enhancing survival across the continuum between air and high vacuum という論文です． (1)Although they have a soft cuticle covered by extracellular substances (ECSs) (6), they ontinued to actively move around for 60 min under the SEM (n = 25) (Movie S1) and subsequently eveloped normally. (1)とはいえ，彼ら（動物）は，細胞外物質（ＥＣＳｓ）で覆われた柔らかい表皮をもち（６），彼ら（動物）はＳＥＭ（ｎ＝２５）および下およそ６０分間積極的に動くことを継続した (2)No apparent structural changes occurred (Fig. 1 A–C). (2)明らかな構造変化が起らなかった（図１Ａ－Ｃ）． (3)High-magnification images revealed an intricate wrinkled surface structure (Fig. 1D). (3)高倍率画像は複雑なしわの寄った構造を明らかにした（図１Ｄ）． (4)When control larvae (Fig. 1F) were placed in the SEM observation chamber for 60 min at an identical vacuum level, but without concurrent electron-beam radiation, subsequent SEM observations revealed they were all dead and structurally badly distorted (Fig. 1 G–I). (4)対象群の幼虫（図１Ｆ）は，同一真空レベルのＳＥＭ観察室中に６０分置かれたとき，しかし 一致しない電子線ビーム，それに続くＳＥＭ観察は明らかにした．それらは全て死んでおり，構造的に非常にゆがめられた（図１Ｇ－Ｉ）． (5)Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that animals subjected to SEM electron bombardment immediately produce an extra thin layer (～50- to 100-nm thickness) over their surface (Fig. 1E). (5)透過型電子顕微鏡（TEM）は，動物がＳＥＭの電子照射するやいなや, さらされた特別な薄膜（５０から１００ｎｍ厚）がそれらの表面を覆ったことを示した(図１Ｅ) (6)No such layer was detected in animals that had been exposed in vacuo for the same time but without electron bombardment (Fig. 1J). (6)このような層は，電子線照射なしに曝された動物において検出されなかった． (7)These results led to the hypothesis that electron-beam irradiation (7) enhanced cross-linking within the ECS to form a durable polymer on the surface and that this polymer increased resistance to vacuum conditions. (7)これらの結果は仮説をもたらした．そしてそれは，電子線照射（７）が表面に耐久性のあるポリマーを形成するためのECSなしに架橋を増進した．そして，このポリマーは抵抗する力が増加した． (8)To test this hypothesis, surface polymerization was achieved by a different method: plasma irradiation. (8)この仮定をテストするために，表面の高分子量化は異なる方法(プラズマ照射)で達成された． (9)The ionized particles of plasma provide the energy necessary to initiate polymer formation, enabling uniform coating of surfaces with solvent-insoluble polymers (8). (9)プラズマのイオン化粒子は，ポリマー形成を開始するために必要なエネルギー，溶媒不溶性高分子の表面の均一コーティング付与を提供する．
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The capitulation of the Portuguese enabled the Germans to seize a large quantity of supplies and continue operations in East Africa until the end of the war.By late November 1917, the Germans in East Africa were left with few options if they wanted to continue the war. They were outnumbered drastically and were split up into several different columns. The two largest of these, under Theodor Tafel and Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, were completely cut off from each other. Although von Lettow-Vorbeck's column had defeated a large British force at the Battle of Mahiwa he had lost a large number of troops and expended virtually his entire supply of modern ammunition. With only antiquated weapons and no way of resupplying, von Lettow-Vorbeck decided to invade Portuguese East Africa in hopes of acquiring sufficient supplies to continue the war. There was no legal impediment to this attack; Germany had declared war on Portugal on 9 March 1916. Although Tafel's force was intercepted by the Allies and capitulated before reaching the border, von Lettow-Vorbeck and his column was able to reach the Rovuma River. Facing supply shortages, the German general then reduced his force by dismissing a large number of Askaris, who could not be adequately equipped, as well as a number of camp followers. With his reduced force, von Lettow-Vorbeck made plans to attack the Portuguese garrison across the river at Ngomano. The Portuguese force was a native contingent led by European officers under João Teixeira Pinto, a veteran with experience fighting in Africa. Rather than prepare defensive positions, the Portuguese had begun building a large encampment upon their arrival at Ngomano on 20 November. Pinto had at his disposal 900 troops with six machine guns and a large supply cache but his inexperienced force was no match for von Lettow-Vorbeck's force, which crossed the river with between 1,500 and 2,000 veterans as well as a large number of porters. At 07:00 on the morning of 25 November, the Portuguese garrison at Ngomano received word from a British intelligence officer that an attack was about to commence. Nevertheless, when the attack came they were unprepared.
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