Obama presidency: Caught between gravity and tradition
- The Obama presidency is facing the challenges imposed by the laws of gravity, history, and precedent.
- The novelty of the Obama approach and persona has worn off, and now the administration must rely on the established American diplomatic tradition.
- There is potential for this administration to draw upon past engagements, acquired wisdom, and settle accounts with rogues and tyrannies in order to navigate through the challenges it faces.
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The laws of gravity, the weight of history and of precedent, have caught up with the Obama presidency. We are beyond stirring speeches. The novelty of the Obama approach, and the Obama persona, has worn off. There is a whole American diplomatic tradition to draw upon—engagements made, wisdom acquired in the course of decades, and, yes, accounts to be settled with rogues and tyrannies. They might yet help this administration find its way out of a labyrinth of its own making. 第4文の意味がわかりません。訳して頂けませんか。
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第４文は、there で始まる文ですね。 前置きはオバマに新しさがなくなった。 「（しかしオバマ政権は）長いアメリカ外交政策の伝統を利用することが出来る、例えば（＆＃８２１２となっていて文字化け）予定を立てたり、ここ数十年かけて蓄積した知恵、そうそう、悪人どもや暴君政治（と結託していた過去）の清算、などだ。」 これらは自分自身が作り上げた迷路からこの政権を救い出してくれるかもしれない、 —engagements made, は、名詞でなくては、並びが悪いのですが、判読が出来ればエンゲージメントが「予定、予約」なのか「戦争の小競り合い」なのか決められると思います。 またこの文の終わりで悪人たちとの清算が出てきますが、それも（１）悪人たちを今やっつける清算なのか（２）悪人たちを援助したからその見返りをもらう清算なのかは、前後の関係で分かるでしょう。どうも（２）のようですね。
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- Agee
- ベストアンサー率42% (414/964)
—は"Em dash"と呼ばれるもので、ウェブページで「長いハイフン」を表示したい時のHTMLコードです。普通英文では「すなわち」とか「つまりその意味は」という場合によく使われます。
お礼
ありがとうございました。勉強になりました。
- jess8255
- ベストアンサー率45% (1084/2359)
改行がないので、第4文という箇所が分かりません。その文の書き出しだけでも補足に書いてくれませんか？
補足
ご迷惑をおかけしてすみませんでした。第4文は次のものです。There is a whole American diplomatic tradition to draw upon-engagements made, wisdom acquired in the course of decades, and, yes, accounts to be settled with rogues and tyrannies.
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However, the United States allowed limited use of its diplomatic cables for Germany to communicate with its ambassador in Washington. The facility was supposed to be used for cables connected with President Woodrow Wilson's peace proposals. The Swedish cable ran from Sweden, and the United States cable from the United States embassy in Denmark. However, neither cable ran directly to the United States. Both cables passed through a relay station at Porthcurno, near Land's End, the westernmost tip of England. Here the signals were boosted for the long trans-oceanic jump. All traffic through the Porthcurno relay was copied to British intelligence, in particular to the codebreakers and analysts in Room 40 at the Admiralty. After their telegraph cables had been cut, the German Foreign Office appealed to the United States for use of their cable for diplomatic messages.
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Turkey officially ceded Adakale Island in River Danube to Romania with Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne; by formally recognizing the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon of 1920. Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey also renounced its privileges in Libya which were defined by Article 10 of the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.) Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States: the Chester concession. The United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty, and consequently Turkey annulled the concession. The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey as the successor state of the defunct Ottoman Empire. The Convention on the Straits lasted only thirteen years and was replaced with the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits in 1936. The customs limitations in the treaty were shortly reworked. Hatay Province remained a part of the French Mandate of Syria according to the Treaty of Lausanne, but in 1938 gained its independence as the Hatay State, which later joined Turkey after a referendum in 1939. Political amnesty was applied to the 150 personae non gratae of Turkey (mostly descendants of the Ottoman dynasty) who slowly acquired citizenship — the last one was in 1974.
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1 Much of the work of top business executives depends on giving information verbally. 2 The author says the art of listening is more usuful in business than in any other field. 3 U.S. college students rarely devote their time to listening to discussions and lectures in their classes. 4 Probably, we get most of our ideas and information by listening to television, radio, conversations, and lectures. 5 The best way to improve our speeches is to reflect on our own speeches every time.
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Politicians have routinely striven to speak the language of Shakespeare and Milton as ungrammatically as possible in order to avoid offending their audiences by appearing to have gone to school. Thus, Adlai Stevenson, who incautiously allowed intelligence and learning and wit to peep out of his speeches, found the American people flocking to a Presidential candidate who invented a version of the English language that was all his own and that has been the despair of satirists ever since. George Wallace, in his speeches, had, as one of his prime targets, the "pointy-headed professor and with what a roar of approval that phrase was always greeted by his pointy headed audience.
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In March 1921, the Inter-Allied Commission held the Upper Silesia plebiscite, which was peaceful despite the previous violence. The plebiscite resulted in c. 60 per cent of the population voting for the province to remain part of Germany. Following the vote, the League of Nations debated the future of the province. In 1922, Upper Silesia was partitioned: Oppeln, in the north-west, remained with Germany while Silesia Province, in the south-east, was transferred to Poland. Memel remained under the authority of the League of Nations, with a French military garrison, until January 1923. On 9 January 1923, Lithuanian forces invaded the territory during the Klaipėda Revolt. The French garrison withdrew, and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an "autonomous territory" to Lithuania. On 8 May 1924, after negotiations between the Lithuanian Government and the Conference of Ambassadors and action by the League of Nations, the annexation of Memel was ratified. Lithuania accepted the Memel Statute, a power-sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status while responsibility for the territory remained with the great powers. The League of Nations mediated between the Germans and Lithuanians on a local level, helping the power-sharing arrangement last until 1939. On 13 January 1935, 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations, a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area. 528,105 votes were cast, with 477,119 votes (90 per cent of the ballot) in favour of union with Germany; 46,613 votes were cast for the status quo, and 2,124 votes for union with France. The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935. When the result was announced 4,100 people, including 800 refugees from Germany fled to France.In late 1918, American, Belgian, British, and French troops entered the Rhineland to enforce the armistice. Prior to the treaty, the occupation force stood at roughly 740,000 men. Following the signing of the peace treaty, the numbers drastically decreased and by 1926 the occupation force numbered only 76,000 men. As part of the 1929 negotiations that would become the Young Plan, Stresemann and Aristide Briand negotiated the early withdrawal of Allied forces from the Rhineland. On 30 June 1930, after speeches and the lowering of flags, the last troops of the Anglo-French-Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany. Belgium maintained an occupation force of roughly 10,000 troops throughout the initial years. This figure fell to 7,102 by 1926, and continued to fall as a result of diplomatic developments.
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By 11:20 the Romanians had been completely expelled, but with its commander wounded and its units disorganized the 31st Regiment did not pursue, and was content with firing on the retreating defenders from the trenches. The 7th Preslav Regiment meanwhile had been faced with even stronger Romanian fire, and was able to advance only at about 12:00, when its commander, Colonel Dobrev, personally led the assault against a fortification thought by the Bulgarians to be fort 8, but which was actually one of the so-called subcenters of defense that were situated in the gaps between the forts.
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The Austro-Hungarians made a renewed attack against the 1st Army on 21 November, forcing the Serbs back after a series of brutal engagements. The Austro-Hungarians then advanced towards Mount Maljen, aiming to drive the 1st Serbian Army from its positions there. The Serbs withdrew from the mountain after three days of heavy fighting; Potiorek decided not to pursue, allowing them to make an orderly withdrawal. The Austro-Hungarians had suffered heavy casualties and the intensity of the fighting caused them to lose cohesion. As they advanced deeper into Serbia, the terrain became increasingly difficult and exhausted the already tired Austro-Hungarian soldiers. While the Serbian 1st Army withdrew, the 2nd and 3rd armies fiercely resisted the Austro-Hungarian advance. This led Potiorek to reinforce his positions around Lazarevac, which he aimed to capture and use as a pivot from which to attack Kragujevac while his right flank pushed down the West Morava valley. Austro-Hungarian advances convinced Potiorek that his army had the upper hand. He envisaged that his forces would pursue the surviving soldiers from the Serbian 2nd and 3rd Armies and predicted that the Serbian 1st and Užice armies would be forced to manoeuvre towards Belgrade and Lazarevac, where they would be encircled and destroyed. Combat on the outskirts of Lazarevac intensified once again as a result, and the Serbian Army managed to repulse every Austro-Hungarian assault despite a lack of ammunition. The Serbs began to run out of shells and Stepanović asked the Serbian Supreme Command that the artillery of the 2nd Army be redirected to its rear, as he felt that its failure to contribute to the defense of Lazarevac frustrated his troops and was bad for morale. Putnik instructed Stepanović to keep the artillery of the 2nd Army on the front and told him that the Russians had sent artillery shells for its guns. Stepanović was skeptical, but kept the artillery on the front line as instructed. By 24 November, Potiorek was predicting that Serbia would be defeated within a matter of days and appointed Stjepan Sarkotić to be the country's governor once it was occupied. The Austro-Hungarians made further gains on 25 November, forcing the Serbian Army from Čovka and Vrače Brdo with an intense artillery bombardment. On 26 November, they attempted to cross the Kolubara at its junction with the Sava River and managed to do so in their initial attack. The Serbs soon counterattacked and forced the invaders back, inflicting 50 percent casualties on the Austro-Hungarians and causing their offensive to grind to a halt. On 27 November, the Serbian Army attacked Čovka and Vrače Brdo and succeeded in forcing the Austro-Hungarians out.
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和訳お願いします。 また訳せないところがでてきてしまいました。文が途中で切れてしまっているところもありますが、よろしくお願いします。 The technical risk(established by site service and regulatory /agency personnel) The percieved risk(outrage)by the public; and The regulatory risk relative to past, current, and future standards and position. Exhibit 12 presents a suite of issues and concerns that that could fall within the perceived risk assessment. However, each site is unique and its perceived risk will reflect its unique conditions. Perceived risk is perhaps the most difficult of all risks to anticipate and deal with efficiently. For example, it can be manipulated by activist groups interested in controlling or defeating the site restoration project.
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Terror of the Deep Kronosaurus lived in the seas that covered Australia, but it probably left the water to lay its eggs on land. Its head was seven feet (2m) long and its teeth were as big as bananas! The prime function of a set of teeth like this, says paleontologist Colin McHenry, was to grab and crush its prey. In fact, Kronosaurus was one of the most powerful predators of all time.
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英文の和訳で困っています 和訳を教えてください よろしくお願いします！！ The FDJ was embedded in industrial plants, places of education and residential quarters, the aim being political and ideological coordination along with the structuring of vocational training and leisure activities. The object was to reach as many young people as possible and get them involved in the FDJ. Linked to this were also the ‘Young Pioneers’, or the ‘Ernst Thalmann’ Pioneer Organization, named after the leading Communist of the Weimar Period who was persecuted during the Nazi Period, arrested and murdered in Buchenwald concentration camp. Its alignment with the KPD and later with the SED was established in the 1950s. After that, it was to promote Marxism-Leninism, carry out the SED decisions and participate in pre-military training. The FDJ was to number more than two million members.
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補足
お答え頂きありがとうございました。いつも感謝しています。ご迷惑をおかけしてしまった文字化け部分はダッシュです。さて、そうすると、ダッシュ以下はオバマが利用できるものの具体例があげられていることになリますが、engagements madeは「各国との過去の合意」を意味することになりませんか。またaccounts以下ですが、完了形になっていないため未来のことを表わしているように思われるのですが、しかしそう取ると利用できるものではなくなってしまいます。どう解釈すればよいのでしょうか、とくにaccountsの意味がわかりません。教えて頂ければ幸いです。