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質問

A British naval squadron bombarded the Dardanelles outer defensive forts at Kum Kale and Seddulbahir; a shell hit a magazine and the explosion knocked the guns off their mounts and killed 86 soldiers. Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and the Ottomans declared a jihad (holy war) later that month. The Caucasus campaign, an Ottoman attack on Russia through the Caucasus Mountains began in December, leading the Russians to call for aid from Britain in January 1915. The Mesopotamian campaign began with a British landing to occupy the oil facilities in the Persian Gulf. The Ottomans prepared to attack Egypt in early 1915, to occupy the Suez Canal and cut the Mediterranean route to British India and the Far East. Field Marshal Lord Kitchener planned an amphibious landing near Alexandretta in Syria in 1914, to sever the capital from Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse, East Indies Station, ordered HMS Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914 as the Russian cruiser Askold and the French cruiser Requin were performing similar operations. The Alexandretta landing was abandoned because it required more resources than France could allocate, and politically France did not want the British operating in their sphere of influence, a position to which Britain had agreed in 1912. By late 1914, static warfare had begun on the Western Front, with no prospect of a quick decisive victory and the Central Powers had closed the overland trade routes between Britain, France and Russia. The White Sea in the Arctic and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and the Baltic Sea was blockaded by the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy). Ottoman belligerence closed the Dardanelles, the remaining supply route to Russia.
In November 1914, the French Minister Aristide Briand proposed an attack on the Ottoman Empire but the idea was rejected and an attempt by the British to buy off the Ottomans also failed. On 2 January 1915, Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottoman Erzurum Offensive in the Caucasus and planning began for a naval demonstration in the Dardanelles, as a diversion. Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed an invasion of Schleswig-Holstein by sea, drawing Denmark into the war and re-opening the Baltic Sea route to Russia and an attack on the Dardanelles, to control the Mediterranean-Black Sea supply route and to encourage Bulgaria and Romania to join the Allies. The urgency of the Russian appeal and disdain for the military power of the Ottoman Empire made a campaign in the Dardanelles appear feasible.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞A British naval squadron bombarded the Dardanelles outer defensive forts at Kum Kale and Seddulbahir; a shell hit a magazine and the explosion knocked the guns off their mounts and killed 86 soldiers. Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and the Ottomans declared a jihad (holy war) later that month. The Caucasus campaign, an Ottoman attack on Russia through the Caucasus Mountains began in December, leading the Russians to call for aid from Britain in January 1915.
⇒英国海軍船隊が、クム・カレとセドゥルバヒルでダーダネルス外殻の防御要塞を砲撃した。砲弾が弾薬庫に当たって、その爆発で砲台が打ち崩され、86人の兵士が死亡した。英国とフランスは、11月5日にトルコとの戦争を宣言し、オスマン帝国はその月の後半にジハード（聖戦）を宣言した。オスマン軍がコーカサス山脈を介してロシアを攻撃したコーカサス野戦は12月に始まった。それで、ロシアは1915年1月に英国軍からの援助を求めた。

＞The Mesopotamian campaign began with a British landing to occupy the oil facilities in the Persian Gulf. The Ottomans prepared to attack Egypt in early 1915, to occupy the Suez Canal and cut the Mediterranean route to British India and the Far East. Field Marshal Lord Kitchener planned an amphibious landing near Alexandretta in Syria in 1914, to sever the capital from Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Vice Admiral Sir Richard Peirse, East Indies Station, ordered HMS Doris to Alexandretta on 13 December 1914 as the Russian cruiser Askold and the French cruiser Requin were performing similar operations.
⇒メソポタミア野戦は、ペルシャ湾の石油施設を占領するための英国軍による上陸から始まった。オスマン軍は1915年初頭にエジプトを攻撃し、スエズ運河を占領して英国領インドや極東への地中海ルートを切断する準備をした。1914年、元帥キッチェナー卿が、シリア、パレスチナ、エジプトなどからアレクサンドレッタを切り離すために、このシリアの首都近くに水陸両面からの上陸を計画した。東インド諸島基地の副提督リチャード・パース卿は、ロシア軍の巡洋艦アスコルド号とフランスの巡洋艦レキン号が類似の作戦行動を行っていたため、1914年12月13日HMSドリス号にアレクサンドレッタ行きを命じた。

＞The Alexandretta landing was abandoned because it required more resources than France could allocate, and politically France did not want the British operating in their sphere of influence, a position to which Britain had agreed in 1912. By late 1914, static warfare had begun on the Western Front, with no prospect of a quick decisive victory and the Central Powers had closed the overland trade routes between Britain, France and Russia.
⇒アレキサンドレッタ上陸は、フランスが配備するより多くの資源を必要とし、政治的にフランスは英国が1912年に合意した（フランスの）影響の範囲内で英国が作戦行動することを望まなかったため、この上陸計画は放棄された。1914年末のころ、西部戦線では戦局の膠着状態が始まり、迅速な決定的勝利の見込みもないので、中央同盟国は英国、フランス、ロシア間の陸上貿易ルートを閉鎖した。

＞The White Sea in the Arctic and the Sea of Okhotsk in the Far East were icebound in winter and the Baltic Sea was blockaded by the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy). Ottoman belligerence closed the Dardanelles, the remaining supply route to Russia.
　In November 1914, the French Minister Aristide Briand proposed an attack on the Ottoman Empire but the idea was rejected and an attempt by the British to buy off the Ottomans also failed.
⇒北極の白海と極東のオホーツク海は冬季には氷に覆われ、バルト海は「皇帝の海兵隊」（ドイツ帝国海軍）によって封鎖された。オスマン帝国は、ロシアへの供給ルートの（最後の）残りルートであるダーダネルス諸島を閉鎖した。
　1914年11月、フランスのアリスティド・ブリアン大臣は、オスマン帝国への攻撃を提案したが、その考えは拒否され、英国によるオスマン帝国の買収の試みも失敗した。

＞On 2 January 1915, Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia appealed to Britain for assistance against the Ottoman Erzurum Offensive in the Caucasus and planning began for a naval demonstration in the Dardanelles, as a diversion. Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, proposed an invasion of Schleswig-Holstein by sea, drawing Denmark into the war and re-opening the Baltic Sea route to Russia and an attack on the Dardanelles, to control the Mediterranean-Black Sea supply route and to encourage Bulgaria and Romania to join the Allies. The urgency of the Russian appeal and disdain for the military power of the Ottoman Empire made a campaign in the Dardanelles appear feasible.
⇒1915年1月2日、ロシアのニコラス大公は、コーカサスにおけるオスマン軍の「エルズルム攻勢」に対抗するための支援を英国軍に訴え、陽動作戦としてダーダネルスでの海軍デモの計画を開始した。海軍本部の最初の頭領であるウィンストン・チャーチルは、シュレスウィヒ‐ホルシュタインへの海からの侵略を提案し、デンマークを戦争に引き込み、ロシアへのバルト海ルートを再開し、ダーダネルス海への攻撃を開始した。それは地中海‐黒海供給ルートを制御し、ブルガリアやルーマニアが連合国軍に参加することを奨励するためであった。ロシア軍の訴えの緊急性と、オスマン帝国の軍事力に対する軽視によって、ダーダネルス諸島での野戦が現実味を帯びてきた。

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