Formation of the Australian Imperial Force and the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force

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  • The Australian Imperial Force (AIF) was created within days of the British government's request for assistance.
  • The AIF consisted of 18,000 men, including 12,000 Australians and 6,000 New Zealanders.
  • The Australian government also organized the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (AN&MEF) to destroy German wireless stations in the Pacific.
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Within days, Brigadier General William Bridges and his staff officer, Major Cyril Brudenell White, had completed plans for the creation of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). White proposed an expeditionary force of 18,000 men, including 12,000 Australians and 6,000 New Zealanders. Cook subsequently approved the proposal, although he increased the offer to 20,000 men to serve in any destination desired by the British government. On 6 August 1914, London cabled its acceptance of the force and asked that it be sent as soon as possible. Recruiting offices opened on 10 August and by the end of 1914, 52,561 volunteers had been accepted, despite strict physical fitness guidelines. Meanwhile, after an additional British request for assistance on 6 August 1914, the Australian government hurriedly prepared another expeditionary force to destroy the German wireless stations at Yap in the Caroline Islands, Nauru, and Rabaul in New Britain. As with the New Zealand military operation against German Samoa, which was completed in late August, the targets were strategically important wireless stations used by the German East Asiatic Squadron, under the command of Count Maximilian von Spee. The existence of the powerful German fleet—including the modern cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau—in the Pacific at the outbreak of the war worried the British Admiralty and the Australian government, and the elimination of its radio network was a key priority. Although the location of the German fleet was unknown, it was suspected they may have been hiding in the excellent natural harbour at Rabaul. While the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (AN&MEF) was being raised for this task, as a prelude to an amphibious landing on the Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, ships of the Australian Squadron conducted a reconnaissance of the area, subsequently entering Blanche Bay on 12 August, while several destroyers also entered Simpson Harbour. Landing parties went ashore to demolish the telephones in the post offices in Rabaul and at the German gubernatorial capital of Herbertshöhe (present-day Kokopo), located 20 miles (32 km) to the south-east. Enquiries were also made about the location of the radio station, although no information was forthcoming. After threatening to bombard the nearby settlements if the radio station continued to transmit, the Australian warships withdrew. The AN&MEF comprised one battalion of infantry of 1,000 men hurriedly enlisted in Sydney, plus 500 naval reservists and ex-sailors who would serve as infantry. The 1st Battalion, AN&MEF was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Russell Watson, while the naval reservists were formed into six companies under Commander Joseph Beresford.

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＞Within days, Brigadier General William Bridges and his staff officer, Major Cyril Brudenell White, had completed plans for the creation of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF). White proposed an expeditionary force of 18,000 men, including 12,000 Australians and 6,000 New Zealanders. Cook subsequently approved the proposal, although he increased the offer to 20,000 men to serve in any destination desired by the British government. On 6 August 1914, London cabled its acceptance of the force and asked that it be sent as soon as possible. Recruiting offices opened on 10 August and by the end of 1914, 52,561 volunteers had been accepted, despite strict physical fitness guidelines. ⇒ウィリアム・ブリッジ准将とその部隊将校シリル・ブルデネル・ホワイト少佐は数日以内にオーストラリア帝国軍（AIF）の創設の計画を完成させた。ホワイトは、12,000人のオーストラリア兵と6,000人のニュージーランド兵を含む18,000人の遠征隊を提案した。それでクックは提案を承認したが、英国政府が望むあらゆる目的地で奉仕するために、申し出の兵員を20,000人に増やした。1914年8月6日に、ロンドンはその軍団の受け入れを電信連絡し、できるだけ早く派遣してくれるように依頼した。適性体力の厳格なガイドラインにもかかわらず、1914年8月10日に開始して、年末までに52,561人の志願兵が受け入れられた。 ＞Meanwhile, after an additional British request for assistance on 6 August 1914, the Australian government hurriedly prepared another expeditionary force to destroy the German wireless stations at Yap in the Caroline Islands, Nauru, and Rabaul in New Britain. As with the New Zealand military operation against German Samoa, which was completed in late August, the targets were strategically important wireless stations used by the German East Asiatic Squadron, under the command of Count Maximilian von Spee. ⇒そうこうする間、オーストラリア政府は1914年8月6日に英国からの追加援助要請の後、急いでキャロライン諸島のヤップ、ナウル、およびニューブリテンのラバウルでドイツ軍の無線局を破壊するために遠征軍を準備した。標的は、8月下旬に完了したドイツ領サモアに対するニュージーランドの軍事作戦であり、同様にマクシミリアン・フォン・シュペー伯の指揮下でドイツ軍東アジア艦隊によって使われる戦略的に重要な無線局であった。 ＞The existence of the powerful German fleet—including the modern cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau—in the Pacific at the outbreak of the war worried the British Admiralty and the Australian government, and the elimination of its radio network was a key priority. Although the location of the German fleet was unknown, it was suspected they may have been hiding in the excellent natural harbour at Rabaul. ⇒戦争の勃発時に、近代的な巡洋艦SMSシャーンホルスト号とグナイセナウ号を含む強力なドイツ艦隊が太平洋に存在していたことで、英国海軍とオーストラリア政府は苦悩し、その無線ネットワークの排除が最優先事項であった。ドイツ艦隊の位置は不明であったが、ラバウルの優れた自然の港に隠れていたのではないかとの疑いがあった。 ＞While the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (AN&MEF) was being raised for this task, as a prelude to an amphibious landing on the Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, ships of the Australian Squadron conducted a reconnaissance of the area, subsequently entering Blanche Bay on 12 August, while several destroyers also entered Simpson Harbour. Landing parties went ashore to demolish the telephones in the post offices in Rabaul and at the German gubernatorial capital of Herbertshöhe (present-day Kokopo), located 20 miles (32 km) to the south-east. ⇒オーストラリア海軍と軍事遠征部隊（AN＆MEF）がこの任務の候補にあがったが、その一方、ニューブリテンのガゼル半島への水陸両面（行動）の除幕として、オーストラリア軍艦隊の艦船がこの地域の偵察を行い、続いて8月12日にブランシュ湾に入り、数隻の駆逐艦もシンプソン港に入った。数個の上陸部隊が、ラバウルの郵便局の電話と、南東20マイル（32キロ）にあるドイツの統治用首都ヘルベルトショーヘ（今日のココポ）の電話を解体するために上陸した。 ＞Enquiries were also made about the location of the radio station, although no information was forthcoming. After threatening to bombard the nearby settlements if the radio station continued to transmit, the Australian warships withdrew. The AN&MEF comprised one battalion of infantry of 1,000 men hurriedly enlisted in Sydney, plus 500 naval reservists and ex-sailors who would serve as infantry. The 1st Battalion, AN&MEF was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Russell Watson, while the naval reservists were formed into six companies under Commander Joseph Beresford. ⇒ラジオ局の位置についても調査したが、何の情報も入手できなかった。ラジオ局が送信を続ける場合、付近の入植地域を爆撃すると脅迫した後、オーストラリア軍艦は撤退した。AN＆MEFは、シドニーで入隊した兵士1,000人の歩兵大隊を急遽編成し、500人の海軍予備役および歩兵として役立ちそうな元水兵をそれに加えた。AN&MEF第1大隊はラッセル・ワトソン中佐が指揮し、一方海軍予備役はジョセフ・ベレスフォード司令官の下で6個中隊に編成された。

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