Second-order troops and defensive works in the Battle
- In the Battle, second-order troops could be sent in if needed, and the enemy commanders underestimated the Allied offensive.
- The German and Austro-Hungarian units had two types of defensive works: resistance centres and hastily built trenches.
- The defense lines were poorly developed and the difficult terrain allowed Romanian troops to carry out ambush attacks.
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If needed, second-order troops could be sent in. In the second phase, the 4th Army Corps was to join the fight by starting a left-flank offensive toward the Coada Văii Babei clearing. To the south, the advance was to occur in cooperation with the 4th Russian Army's right flank and with the aid of the 2nd Romanian Army, the objective being to reach the Coada Văii Babei clearing–Rotilești–Teiuş hill–Valea Teiușului line. The third planned phase envisioned the front shifting to the Sboina Neagră Peak–hills to the north of Lepșa –north of the Putna River–Valea Sării line. The enemy commanders had been informed of the Allied armies' operations, but thought that it had the ability to repulse their offensive and even to launch a counterattack. The German and Austro-Hungarian units' defensive works were of two varieties. The first consisted in resistance centres connected by a network of redoubts and trenches protected by various obstacles and covered by artillery and machine-gun fire. At essential points, these resistance centres had steel domes, labyrinths of redoubts that facilitated communication and firing, artillery platforms, machine-gun alcoves, and shelters for personnel and munitions. The centres were connected by well-maintained, well-placed trenches that allowed the troops to keep fighting even when encircled. The second consisted in discontinuous sections of hastily built trenches situated 1,500–2,000 m from the front line. The subterranean defensive lines were poorly developed; moreover, the first line of defense was spread out over uncovered terrain and lacked strong forward posts. This allowed Romanian Army ground patrols as well as the Air Force to easily identify these positions. Another disadvantage that these lines of defense had (and which was successfully exploited by the Romanian Army) lay in the difficult terrain in front of the lines which allowed numerous groups of Romanian troops to hide therein and carry out swift bayonet attacks or decisive assaults.
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＞If needed, second-order troops could be sent in. In the second phase, the 4th Army Corps was to join the fight by starting a left-flank offensive toward the Coada Văii Babei clearing. To the south, the advance was to occur in cooperation with the 4th Russian Army's right flank and with the aid of the 2nd Romanian Army, the objective being to reach the Coada Văii Babei clearing–Rotilești–Teiuş hill–Valea Teiușului line. ⇒もし必要な場合には、第2隊形の軍隊が送り込まれることもあり得た。第2段階で、第4軍団はコアダ・ヴァイイ・バベイ開拓地の方へ向って左側面攻撃を始めることで戦いに合流することになっていた。南方向へは、第4ロシア方面軍の右側面と協同して、第2ルーマニア方面軍の助けも得て、進軍が行われることになっていた。そして、標的のコアダ・ヴァイイ・バベイ開拓地‐ロティレッツィ–テイウッシュ丘–ヴァレア・テイウシュルイ戦線に達する、という手筈であった。 ＞The third planned phase envisioned the front shifting to the Sboina Neagră Peak–hills to the north of Lepșa –north of the Putna River–Valea Sării line. The enemy commanders had been informed of the Allied armies' operations, but thought that it had the ability to repulse their offensive and even to launch a counterattack. ⇒計画の第3段階では、スボニア・ネアグラ頂上‐レプサ北の丘‐プツナ川の北‐ヴァレア・サリイ戦線へと、前線の移動をもくろんだ。敵の指揮官は、連合国軍の作戦行動を知らされてはいたが、その攻撃を撃退したり、さらには進撃に対して反撃する能力があるとさえ考えていた。 ＞The German and Austro-Hungarian units' defensive works were of two varieties. The first consisted in resistance centres connected by a network of redoubts and trenches protected by various obstacles and covered by artillery and machine-gun fire. At essential points, these resistance centres had steel domes, labyrinths of redoubts that facilitated communication and firing, artillery platforms, machine-gun alcoves, and shelters for personnel and munitions. ⇒ドイツ軍とオーストリア・ハンガリー軍部隊の防御施設には、2種類あった。第1のそれは、いろいろな障害物によって保護された砦や塹壕のネットワークに繋がった抵抗センターで、それがさらに大砲や機関銃砲火によって守られていた。最重要地点では、これらの抵抗センターに、鋼のドームや砦の迷宮があって、それは交通・通信、発砲、大砲砲座、機関銃アルコーブ（引き込み）、人員・軍用品のための避難所などに便宜を与えていた。 ＞The centres were connected by well-maintained, well-placed trenches that allowed the troops to keep fighting even when encircled. The second consisted in discontinuous sections of hastily built trenches situated 1,500–2,000 m from the front line. The subterranean defensive lines were poorly developed; moreover, the first line of defense was spread out over uncovered terrain and lacked strong forward posts. ⇒そのセンター（中央防御施設）は、包囲されたときでも軍隊が戦い続けられるように、よく防護・維持され、うまく配置された塹壕に繋がっていた。第2の防御施設は、最前線から1,500–2,000m地帯に敷設された急拵えの塹壕の不連続な地区であった。地下の防御戦線は貧弱な開発状態で、さらに、第1防御線は覆いのない地形に広がって、前面強化された哨戒陣地が欠如していた。 ＞This allowed Romanian Army ground patrols as well as the Air Force to easily identify these positions. Another disadvantage that these lines of defense had (and which was successfully exploited by the Romanian Army) lay in the difficult terrain in front of the lines which allowed numerous groups of Romanian troops to hide therein and carry out swift bayonet attacks or decisive assaults. ⇒これは、ルーマニア軍のパトロールや空軍（の飛行偵察）がこれらの陣地を簡単に確認することを許した。これらの防御戦線が抱えていた（そして、ルーマニア軍によってうまく利用された）もう１つの不利な状況は、数本の戦線の最前列あたりに、多数のルーマニア軍隊のグループが隠れて、素早い銃剣攻撃または決定的な急襲を仕かけるのを可能にした複雑な地形が横たわっていたことであった。
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The Second Army had to attack methodically after artillery preparation but managed to push back the German defenders. Intelligence reports identified a main line of resistance of the German 6th Army and 7th Army, which had been combined under the command of Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, close to the advanced French troops and that a counter-offensive was imminent. On 16 August, the Germans opposed the advance with long-range artillery fire and on 17 August, the First Army reinforced the advance on Sarrebourg. When the Germans were found to have left the city Joffre ordered the Second Army to incline further to the north, which had the effect of increasing the divergence of the French armies. A German counter-attack on 20 August forced separate battles on the French armies, which were defeated and forced to retreat in disorder. The German pursuit was slow and Castelnau was able to occupy positions east of Nancy and extend the right wing towards the south, to regain touch with the First Army. During 22 August, the right flank was attacked and driven back 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the position where the offensive had begun on 14 August. The First Army withdrew but managed to maintain contact with the Second Army and on 24 August, both armies began a counter-offensive at the Trouée de Charmes and regained the line of 14 August by early September.
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During the 29 days of the operation, the Second Army averaged over 100 km (62 mi) distance of penetration of enemy lines. Erich von Falkenhayn, recently fired as Chief of Staff, assumed command of the Ninth Army and began a counter-attack against the Romanians. On 18 September German forces struck the Romanian First Army near Haţeg, forcing them to stop their advance and switch to defence. Eight days later the elite Alpen Korps took the city of Sibiu, and on 17 October the Romanian Second Army was defeated at Braşov.
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The German offensive began during the night of 3 September against the fortifications of the Grand Couronné, either side of Nancy, which pushed back the 2nd Group of Reserve Divisions, comprising the 59th, 68th and 70th Reserve Divisions under General Léon Durand, to the north and the XX Corps of General Balfourier to the south, by the evening of 4 September. In the afternoon of 5 September Castelnau telegraphed to Joffre that he proposed to evacuate Nancy, to preserve the fighting power of the army. Next day Joffre replied that the Second Army was to hold the area east of Nancy if at all possible and only then retire to a line from the Forest of Haye to Saffais, Belchamp and Borville. The civilian authorities in the city had begun preparations for an evacuation but the troops on the Grand Couronné repulsed German attacks on the right flank, during 5 September. The Reserve divisions were only pushed back a short distance on the front to the east and north of Nancy. An attempt by Moltke to withdraw troops from the 6th Army, to join a new 7th Army being formed for operations on the Oise failed when Rupprecht and Dellmensingen were backed by the Emperor who was at the 6th Army headquarters. German attacks continued on 6 September and the XX Corps conducted a counter-attack which gave the defenders a short period to recuperate but the troops of the 2nd Group of Reserve Divisions, east and north of Nancy, began to give way.
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The British Second Army had followed up some minor withdrawals and had fought the Action at Outtersteene Ridge on 18 August, after which there was a lull and Allied troops in the area were well rested by late September. Battle The Groupe d'Armées des Flandres (GAF, Flanders Army Group) attacked at 5:30 a.m. on 28 September, after a 3-hour artillery preparation, with 12 Belgian divisions, 10 British divisions of the Second Army and 6 French divisions of the Sixth Army. The British attacked on a 4.5 mi (7.2 km) front up to the Ypres–Zonnebeke road, from where the Belgian army attacked on a line north to Dixmude. The Allied attacks quickly penetrated the German defences and advanced up to 6 mi (9.7 km). The Germans were swiftly driven back. Much of the ground west of Passchendaele, which had been abandoned during the withdrawal of early 1918, was recaptured. Rain began to fall but by the evening the British had taken Kortewilde, Zandvoorde, Kruiseecke and Becelaere; Belgian troops had captured Zonnebeke, Poelcappelle, Schaap Baillie and Houthulst Forest. On the southern flank, minor operations by three British divisions advanced to St. Yves, Messines and the ridge from Wytschaete to Hollebeke. The German front line ran from Dixmude, to Houthult, Becelare, Zandvoorde and Hollebeke. Messines, Terhand and Dadizeele fell on 29 September and by the next day, despite the captured ground becoming another slough of mud, all of the high ground around Ypres had been occupied by the Allies. By 1 October, the left bank of the Lys had been captured up to Comines and the Belgians were beyond a line from Moorslede to Staden and Dixmude. The advance continued until 2 October, when German reinforcements arrived and the offensive outran its supplies. Due to the state of the ground, 15,000 rations were delivered by parachute from 80 Belgian and British aircraft. Aftermath Casualties The British suffered 4,695 casualties, the Belgians 4,500 "net" casualties from among 2,000 killed and 10,000 men ill or wounded. The Allies advanced up to 18 mi (29 km), with an average advance of 6 mi (9.7 km) and captured c. 10,000 prisoners, 300 guns and 600 machine-guns. Subsequent operations The offensive was continued with the Battle of Courtrai (14–19 October). The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was a battle between troops of the British First, Third and Fourth Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War. Cambrai カンブレー
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Visibility increased except for frequent ground fog around dawn, which helped conceal British infantry during the attack, before clearing to expose German troop movements to British observation and attack. The British infantry succeeded in capturing most of their objectives and then holding them against German counter-attacks, inflicting many casualties on the local German defenders and Eingreif divisions sent to reinforce them by massed artillery and small-arms fire. German defences on the Gheluvelt Plateau, which had been retained or quickly recaptured in July and August were lost and the British began a run of success which lasted into early October. Strategic background The Kerensky Offensive by Russia in July had accelerated the disintegration of the Russian Army, increasing the prospect of substantial German reinforcements for the Western Front. The French attack at Verdun in August had inflicted a defeat on the German 5th Army similar in extent to the defeat of the 4th Army in the Battle of Messines in June but morale in the French army was still poor. In reports to the War Cabinet on 21 August and 2 September, Sir Douglas Haig repeated his view that the British campaign at Ypres was necessary to shield the other armies of the alliance, regardless of the slow geographical progress being made in the unusually wet weather of August. Tactical developments The German 4th Army had defeated British attempts to advance to the black and green (second and third) lines set for 31 July in the centre of the battlefield and on the Gheluvelt Plateau on the southern flank, during the frequent weather interruptions in August. These defensive successes had been costly and by mid-August, German satisfaction at their defensive achievements was accompanied by concern at the extent of casualties. The rain, constant bombardments and British air attacks had also put great strain on the German defence between British attacks.
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