French and British Divisions March North from Thessaloniki in October 1915
- French and British divisions, under the command of French General Maurice Sarrail, marched north from Thessaloniki in October 1915.
- The French divisions advanced up the Vardar River on their own, providing limited help to the retreating Serbian Army.
- General Sarrail and the British forces were forced to retreat in the face of massive Bulgarian assaults, and by December 12, all allied forces were back in Greece.
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The French and British divisions had marched north from Thessaloniki in October 1915 under the command of French General Maurice Sarrail. However, the War Office in London was reluctant to advance too deep into Serbia. So the French divisions advanced on their own up the Vardar River. This advance gave some limited help to the retreating Serbian Army, as the Bulgarians had to concentrate larger forces on their southern flank to deal with the threat, which led to the Battle of Krivolak (October–November 1915). By the end of November, General Sarrail had to retreat in the face of massive Bulgarian assaults on his positions. During his retreat, the British at Kosturino were also forced to retreat. By December 12, all allied forces were back in Greece.
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以下のとおりお答えします。（第１次世界大戦開始から約１年半後の、おもに連合軍側の動きが述べられています。） ＞The French and British divisions had marched north from Thessaloniki in October 1915 under the command of French General Maurice Sarrail. However, the War Office in London was reluctant to advance too deep into Serbia. So the French divisions advanced on their own up the Vardar River. ⇒フランスおよびイギリスの師団が、1915年10月にフランスの将軍モーリス・サライユの指揮下、テッサロニキから北へ行軍していた。しかし、ロンドンの参謀本部は、あまりセルビア内地深くまで進攻することは乗り気でなかった。だからフランスの部隊だけが単独で、ヴァルダル川を溯上して進軍した。 ＞This advance gave some limited help to the retreating Serbian Army, as the Bulgarians had to concentrate larger forces on their southern flank to deal with the threat, which led to the Battle of Krivolak (October–November 1915).* ⇒この進軍は、退却するセルビア軍にとっては、限定的ながら若干の助けとなった。それはブルガリア軍が、「クリボラクの会戦」(1915年10-11月)につながった戦いの脅威に対処するため、南側の戦線により大きな部隊を集中しなければならなかったからである。* ＊退却するセルビア軍にとっては、「それだけ敵軍の数が退却路から減った」ということですね。 ＞By the end of November, General Sarrail had to retreat in the face of massive Bulgarian assaults on his positions. During his retreat, the British at Kosturino were also forced to retreat. By December 12, all allied forces were back in Greece. ⇒サライユ将軍は、その陣地に対するブルガリア軍の大集団襲撃に直面して、11月末までに退去しなければならなかった。彼の退去の間に、コストゥリノにいたイギリス軍もまた退却を余儀なくされた。12月12日までには、すべての連合軍がギリシャに戻っていた。
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フランスとイギリスの部隊はあったフランスの将軍モーリス ・ サライユの指揮のもと、1915 年 10 月にテッサロニキから 北に行進しました。しかし、ロンドンの参謀本部はセルビアに余りに深く進攻することには消極的だった。だからフランスの部隊だけが、ヴァルダル川を前進した。ブルガリアは、後にKrivolak の戦い (10 月-11 月 1915年) の原因となった脅威に対処するため、南部戦線に大戦力を集中しなければならなかったため、この前進は退却していたセルビア軍の助けとなった。11 月末、サライユ将軍は大規模なブルガリアの攻撃に直面して彼の陣地を撤退します。彼の退去の間には、Kosturinoにいたイギリス軍も退却を余儀なくされました。12 月 12 日、すべての連合軍はギリシャに戻っていた。
google翻訳より フランスとイギリスの部門はフランスの一般モーリスサライユの指揮下1915年10月にテッサロニキから北に行進していました。しかし、ロンドンの戦争事務所はセルビアにあまりにも深く進出に消極的でした。だから、フランスの部門は彼らの最大自身ヴァルダル川沿いに進みました。ブルガリアはKrivolakの戦い（10月～1915年11月）につながった脅威に対処するために彼らの南側に大きな力を集中しなければならなかったので、この進歩は、後退セルビア軍にはいくつかの限られた助けを与えました。 11月の終わりまでに、一般的なサライユは彼のポジションに大きなブルガリア攻撃の顔に後退しなければなりませんでした。彼の後退時には、Kosturinoで英国も撤退を余儀なくされました。 12月12日では、すべての連合軍が戻ってギリシャでした。
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The Togoland Campaign (9–26 August 1914) was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in west Africa (which became Togo and the Volta Region of Ghana after independence), during the First World War. The colony was invaded on 6 August, by French forces from Dahomey to the east and on 9 August by British forces from Gold Coast to the west. German colonial forces withdrew from the capital Lomé and the coastal province and then fought delaying actions on the route north to Kamina, where a new wireless station linked Berlin to Togoland, the Atlantic and south America. The main British and French force from the neighbouring colonies of Gold Coast and Dahomey, advanced from the coast up the road and railway, as smaller forces converged on Kamina from the north. The German defenders were able to delay the invaders for several days at the battles of Bafilo, Agbeluvhoe and Chra but surrendered the colony on 26 August 1914. In 1916, Togoland was partitioned by the victors and in July 1922, British Togoland and French Togoland were created, as League of Nations mandates. The French acquisition consisted of c. 60 percent of the colony, including the coast. The British received the smaller, less populated and less developed portion of Togoland to the west. The surrender of Togoland marked the beginning of the end for the German colonial empire in Africa.
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A sequence of Allied offensives began with attacks by American and French armies on 26 September from Rheims to the Meuse, two British armies at Cambrai on 27 September, British, Belgian and French armies in Flanders on 28 September and on 29 September the British Fourth Army (including the US II Corps) attacked the Hindenburg Line from Holnon north to Vendhuille while the French First Army attacked the area from St. Quentin to the south. The British Third Army attacked further north and crossed the Canal du Nord at Masnières. In nine days British, French and US forces crossed the Canal du Nord, broke through the Hindenburg Line and took 36,000 prisoners and 380 guns. German troops were short of food, had worn out clothes and boots and the retreat back to the Hindenburg Line had terminally undermined their morale. The Allies had attacked with overwhelming material superiority, using combined-arms tactics, with a unified operational method and achieved a high tempo. On 4 October, the German government requested an armistice and on 8 October. the German armies were ordered to retire from the rest of the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line).
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