Vertical Farming: The Future of Agriculture
- Learn about the concept of vertical farming and how it can address the challenges of the growing world population and environmental impact of traditional agriculture.
- Dickson Despommier, a professor at Columbia University, became a pioneer of vertical farming after his students expressed a desire to work on something optimistic.
- Vertical farming offers a solution to the limited availability of productive soil and water, as well as the negative environmental impact of modern agriculture.
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Dickson Despommier became the guru of vertical farming because his students were bummed out. A professor of environmental health at Columbia University in New York City, Despommier teaches about parasitism, environmental disruption and other assorted happy topics. Eventually his students complained; they wanted to work on something optimistic. So the class began studying the idea of rooftop gardening for cities. They quickly discarded that approach--too small-scale--in favor of something more ambitious: a 30-story urban farm with a greenhouse on every floor. "I think vertical farming is an idea that can work in a big way," says Despommier. Why would we want to build skyscrapers filled with lettuce when we've been farming on the ground for 10,000 years? Because as the world's population grows--from 6.8 billion now to as much as 9 billion by 2050--we could run out of productive soil and water. Most of the population growth will occur in cities that can't easily feed themselves. Add the fact that modern agriculture and everything associated with it--deforestation, chemical-laden fertilizers and carbon-emitting transportation--is a significant contributor to climate change, and suddenly vertical farming doesn't seem so magic beanstalk in the sky. 引用 “Vertical farming”
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以下のとおりお答えします。 ディクソン・デスポミアは、学生たちが落ち込んでしまっているので、垂直耕作のグル（指導者）になった。ニューヨーク市コロンビア大学の環境・健康学教授のデスポミアは、寄生、環境破壊、その他の複合的幸福科学問題について教えている。ある時ついに彼の学生たちが不満を言った。彼らは楽観的なことに取り組みたかったのだ。そこで、クラスは都市に向く屋上造園のアイデアを勉強しはじめた。彼らは－極小規模－へのアプローチは早々に捨て去って、より野心的なこと、すなわち、すべてのフロアに温室を備える30階建ての都市農場を支持した。「垂直耕作は、大規模にやればうまくいくかもしれないアイデアだと思う」、とデスポミアは語った。 10,000年の間地面で耕作してきたのに、その私達がなぜレタスでいっぱいの摩天楼を建てたいのか？ 世界の人口が－現在の68億から2050年の90億ほどへ－増大し、私達が生産用の土と水を使い果たしてしまうことがあり得るからである。人口増加のほとんどは、容易には自給自足のできない都市に存在する。現代の農業およびそれと関連したするすべてのこと－森林伐採、化学薬品の組み込まれた肥料、および炭素放出源となる交通機関－が、気候変化への重要な原因であるという事実から、この突然の垂直農業法は、あながち空の魔法の豆物語(*)とは思われない。 (*)『ジャックと豆の木』：庭生えた豆が巨木へと成長し空へ届く。ジャックは豆の木を登り、金銀を手に入れて裕福になる。 以上、ご回答まで。
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(1)If climate change and population growth progress at their current pace, in roughly 50 years farming as we know it will no longer exist. This means that the majority of people could soon be without enough food or water. But there is a solution that is surprisingly within reach, and that is to move most farming into cities, and grow crops in tall, specially constructed buildings. It’s called vertical farming. (2)The floods and lack of rainfall that have come with climate change are destroying traditional farmland. Three recent floods, for example, have cost the US billions of dollars in lost crops, with even more serious losses in topsoil. In India changes in rain patterns and temperature could reduce India’s agricultural output by 30% or more by the end of the century. (3)What’s more, population increases will soon reduce the amount of land available to American farmers. The amount of land for farming per person has decreased from about an acre in 1970 to roughly half an acre in 2000, and it is expected to decline to about a third of an acre by 2050. With billions more people on the way, before we know it the traditional soil-based farming model developed over the last 12,000 years will no longer be possible anywhere. In short, it has become alarmingly clear that the world must find new methods of food production and distribution. (4)Now imagine a vertical farm built within the limits of a major city. Food production would take advantage of hydroponic methods that use far less water than conventional cultivation techniques, in some cases as much as 90 percent less. When we apply the vertical farm concept to countries that are water-challenged, such as those in the Middle East, the benefits of vertical farming look even more attractive. For this reason the world’s very first vertical farm may be established there, although the idea has now attracted considerable interest from architects, scientists and governments all over the world. (5)The list of benefits of the vertical farm is indeed long. To start with, crop production would no longer be limited by seasons or be impacted by poor whether. The farm itself would behave like a functional ecosystem in which waste is recycled to be used over and over again. By supplying a continuous quantity of fresh vegetables and fruits to city residents, such farms would help prevent health problems, some of which arise from the lack of quality food in our diet. They wouldn't only improve urban life, but also help to restore the land that was damaged by traditional farming. For every indoor acre farmed, some 10 to 20 outdoor acres of farmland could be allowed to return to their original state. The vertical farm would also create new employment opportunities for the expanding populations of urban centers, certain in which abandoned properties could become productive once again. (6)Moreover, vertical farms would produce crops that contain no added chemicals. The farms would greatly reduce air pollution, since they would eliminate the need for heavy farm machines and trucks that deliver food from farm to fork. Think how great it would be if everything on your plate came from around the corner, rather than from hundreds or thousands of miles away. The structures themselves would be things of beauty and grace. In order to allow plants to capture sunlight, walls and ceilings would be completely transparent. So from a distance, it would look as if there were gardens suspended in space. (7)While experimental vertical farming projects in the US and the UK have shown very positive results thus far, it is important to bear in mind that the science of vertical farming still has a long way to go. To be successful in the long term, vertical farming will still need to prove that it is economically efficient, especially with respect to energy and urban land costs. 本文の原文→http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/opinion/24Despommier.html?_r=1&
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In particular we observed a masculinization of female behavior in two behavioral categories (play with females and sociosexual exploration), an effect probably mediated by the estrogenic activity of BPA in the CNS. These long-lasting effects of BPA could have important consequences at individual and population levels. Key words: bisphenol A, environmental estrogens, play behavior, rat, sex differences, social behavior. ちょっと長いのですがよろしくお願いします。
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With the population of the world set to rise dramatically in this century from 6000 million in the year 2000 to 10000 million by 2050-and with most of that growth in the Third World-what should we be thinking of with regard to providing the most basic of resources:food? この英文どなたか和訳お願いします。
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Some large clothing retailers are starting to take notice of the environmental questions and are exploring options. “Our research shows that customers are getting very concerned about environmental issues, and we don’t want to get caught between the eyes,” said Mike Barry, head of corporate social responsibility at Marks & Spencer, one of Britain’s largest retailers, which helped pay for the Cambridge study. Consumers spend more than $1 trillion a year on clothing and textiles, an estimated one-third of that in Western Europe, another third in North America, and about a quarter in Asia. In many places, cheap, readily disposable clothes have displaced hand-me-downs as the mainstay of dressing. The result, women’s clothing sales in Britain rose by 21 percent between 2001 and 2005 alone to about ￡24 billion ,or $47.6 billion, spurred by lower prices, according to the Cambridge report.
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These come from the fact that for small values of b~ and μ, as considered here, Eqs.(2・1) and (2.2) are approximately symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Now, we will see features of collision of a particle with the planet. It should be noticed that, as mentioned in §2, the radius of the planet changes with the distance between the Sun and the planet is assigned. Here we will concentrate on the collision near the orbit of the present Earth. よろしくお願いします。
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"Vertical farming could allow food to be grown locally and sustainably," says Glen Kertz, CEO of Valcent, a tech company based in El Paso, Texas, that's trying out the process. His firm uses hydroponic greenhouse methods to grow upward rather than out. The result saves space--vital in urban areas--and allows farmers to irrigate and fertilize with far less waste. At Valcent's El Paso lab, potted crops grow in rows on clear vertical panels that rotate on a conveyor belt. Moving them gives the plants the precise amount of light and nutrients needed, an optimization that Kertz says lets him grow 15 times as much lettuce per acre as on a normal farm, using 5% of the water that conventional agriculture does. The company aims to finish a commercial-scale facility by early 2009. Despommier's plans are even grander. He has drawn up models for a 30-story, city-block-size vertical farm that would have transparent walls to maximize sunlight and would produce enough food for 50,000 people. "With about 160 of these buildings, you could feed all of New York," he says. His idea has intrigued architects, but Despommier concedes that it would cost hundreds of millions to build a full-scale skyscraper farm. That's the main drawback: construction and energy costs would probably make vertically raised food more costly than traditional crops. At least for now. 引用 “Vertical farming”
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翻訳サイトなどを使わずに翻訳していただきたいです。 よろしくお願いいたします。 For thousands of years, the population of the world increased gradually. Then, in the mid-nineteenth century, the world's population started to increase rapidly. In the 100 years between 1830 and 1930, the population of the world grew from 1 billion to 2 billion people. By 1960, just thirty years later, the world's population had hit 3 billion. Fifteen years later, the population reached 4 billion. Then, just eleven years later, there were 5 billion people on Earth. In 1999, we passed the 6 billion mark. Today, the world's population grows by 76 million people every year. By the year 2050, researchers predict that the population of the world will be 9.1 billion.
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3. Examples of orbital calculations To find efficient numerical procedures for obtaining <P(e ,i)>, we have made detailed orbital calculations for two typical cases, (e, i)=(0, 0) and (1, 0.5). The former is the simplest case with a single parameter b, and corresponds to that studied by Giuli (1968), Nishida (1983) and Petit and Hénon (1986). In the latter, the orbit changes with three parameters b, τ, and ω in a complicated manner. From this example, we can see the characteristic features of orbits in the three-dimensional case. In the present examples, it is supposed that a protoplanet with a mean mass density 3gcm^-3, orbits in the Earth’s region. Furthermore, we adopt 1% as the limiting accuracy criterion for use of the two-body approximation. These give 0.005 and 0.03 for the radius of the protoplanet and that of the two-body sphere, respectively (see Eqs. (12) and (13)). よろしくお願いします。
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In 1879-80 London incomes formed as predominant a share of all taxable business and professional incomes as did London's wealth among the very wealthy, a fact made clear in Table 3. thetwenty-eight provincial towns with populations in excess of 100,000, and with a combined population of 5,773,000, were assessed under Schedule D for ￡78,106,000, while the ten London boroughs, whose populations totalled 3,453,000, were assessed for ￡87,674,000. No less than ￡12,297,000 in Marylebone, and ￡10,302,000 in Westminster； by contrast, Liverpool, the wealthiest provincial town, was assessedfor ￡11,014,000, Manchester and Salford together for ￡10,800,000, Birmingham for ￡4,016,000, and so on. Moreover, obviously many provincial cities like Liverpool, Bristol or Edinburgh were primarily commercial or governmental rather than industrial in their primary roles and, again, as with the 1812 data, Schedule D does not include any income arising from ground-rents, from the profits of the public funds, or from any government employees's salaries, all of which would evidently add still further to the lead of London. Since the combined population of the leading provincial towns was two-thirds higher than the London total, it is a plausible inference that London not merely possessed a larger total business income than all of the chief provincial towns combined, but that its middle class was richer per capita and almost certainly more numerous than in the provincial towns.
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