Newton's Discovery: The Force of Gravity
- In 1684, the earth's exact circumference was determined for the first time.
- Using data from French astronomer Picard, Newton applied the principle of gravity and proved that it guides the motion of celestial bodies.
- Newton's discovery of the force of gravity accounted for the orbits of planets and kept them in their paths.
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In 1684,through computations by Picard,the earth's exact circumference was determined for the first time .Using the French astronomer's data,Newton applied the principle of gravitation to prove that the power which guides the moon around the earth and the planets around the sun is the force of gravity. The force varies directly with the mass of the attracted bodies and inversely as the square of their distances. Newton went on to show that this account for the elliptical orbits of the planets. The pull of graviy kept the moon and planets in their paths,balancing the centrifugal forces of their motions. Again,Newton failed to reveal his phenomenal discovery of nature's greatest secret. As it happened,however,other scientists were engaged in a search for a solution of the same problem. Several astronomer had suggested that the planets were bound to the sun by the force of gravity. Among these was Robert Hooke,Newton's severest and most persistent critic.But none of the theorists had been able to offer mathematical proof.By now Newton had won considerable reputation as a mathematician,and he was visited at Cambridge by the astoronomer Edmund Halley who requested his help.When Halley atated the problem,he learned that it had been solved two years before by Newton .Further,Newton had worked out the principal laws of motion of bodies moving under the force of gravity.Charatecteristically,through,Newton had no intention of publishing his findings.
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１６８４年に、ピカールの計算によって、地球の正確な周長が初めて決定されました。このフランスの天文学者のデータを用いて、 ニュートンは引力の原理を応用して、月に地球を周回させたり、惑星に太陽を周回させたりする力を証明しました。この力は、引き付けあう物体の質量に正比例し、その距離の２乗に反比例します。ニュートンは、さらに、これで惑星の楕円軌道の説明が付くことも示しました。引力が、月や惑星の遠心力とバランスを取りながら、それらを軌道上に留めてきたのです。 さらに、ニュートンは自然の最大の秘密のこの画期的な発見を発表しませんでした。しかし、ニュートンがこの発見をしたころ、他の科学者も同じ問題の解答を探し求めていました。惑星は重力によって太陽につなぎとめられていると提唱した天文学者もいました。こうした人々の中に、ニュートンの最も厳しい、そして、最もしつこい批判者であったロバート・フックがいました。しかし、これらの理論家は誰も数学的な証明を提示することが出来ていませんでした。この頃までには、ニュートンは数学者としてかなりの名声を獲得していたので、ケンブリッジの彼のもとに天文学者のエドモンド・ハレーが訪ねてきて、ニュートンに助力を依頼しました。ハレーが問題を説明すると、その問題がすでにニュートンによって２年前に解決されていることを彼は知りました。さらに、ニュートンは重力が働いている所での天体の動きの主要な法則も解決していました。しかし、特徴的だったのは、ニュートンには自分の発見を公表する意図が全くなかったことでした。
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和訳をお願いします。 man,though his body is insignificant and powerless in comparison with the great bodies of the astronomer's world,is yet able to mirror that world,is able to travel in imagination and scientific knowledge through enormous abysses of space and time.
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Politicians have routinely striven to speak the language of Shakespeare and Milton as ungrammatically as possible in order to avoid offending their audiences by appearing to have gone to school. Thus, Adlai Stevenson, who incautiously allowed intelligence and learning and wit to peep out of his speeches, found the American people flocking to a Presidential candidate who invented a version of the English language that was all his own and that has been the despair of satirists ever since. George Wallace, in his speeches, had, as one of his prime targets, the "pointy-headed professor and with what a roar of approval that phrase was always greeted by his pointy headed audience.
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A raindrop falling in a pond produces perfect circles of waves that expand indefinitely until canceled by the friction of the shore or by the perfect circles made by other raindrops. When viewed from above, the branches of a tree form circles around their trunk, in an attempt to achieve optimal surface area for soaking in the sun's rays. Even planets and stars try to from circles and spheres in space, although gravity and spinning forces push and pull their pure mathematical curves into the complex forms we see in nature.
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和訳お願いします！ But had these childhood sexual experiences really happened? Freud initially believed they had, and in 1896 went on record that the basis of female hysteria was actual, or attempted, incest by fathers of their daughters at the age of three or four. Such a conclusion was bound to shock and was embarrassing to Freud himself since many of his patients were daughters of family friends. As cases accumulated, the thesis seemed more and more preposterous and outrageous. Could thirty percent of Viennese par really be seducing, their children?
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While the majority of Papeete's civilians fled to the interior of the island as soon as the fighting began, a Japanese civilian and a Polynesian boy were both killed by German shellfire. Although the two French vessels in the harbor had been sunk, there were no military casualties on either side and the German vessels took no damage. Overall, the bombardment was estimated in 1915 to have caused over 2 million francs' worth of property damage, some of which was recouped through the seizure of a German store on the island. In addition to the seizure of their property, several local Germans were interned and forced to repair the damage von Spee's squadron had caused. Perhaps the most lasting effect of the bombardment on the French was the dramatic fall of copra prices in the region, as local suppliers had previously sold a majority of their produce to German merchants in the area who were now interned. Further havoc and distress spread throughout the island 18 days after von Spee's squadron had left when rumors started to spread that a second German bombardment was about to begin. After withdrawing, Scharnhorst and Gneisenau rendezvoused with Nürnberg and Titania at Nuku Hiva, where they resupplied and their crews took shore leave before moving on to meet the rest of the squadron at Easter Island. Although the Germans had destroyed the shipping at Papeete and wreaked havoc in the town, they had been denied their primary objective of seizing the French coal piles and replenishing their own stocks. Von Spee's raid allowed the British Admiralty to receive word on his position and heading, allowing them to inform Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock of the German intentions thus leading to the Battle of Coronel. Another effect was the reduction of ammunition available to the two German cruisers. The hundreds of shells fired by von Spee's ships at Papeete were irreplaceable. The depletion of ammunition as a result of the action at Papeete contributed to the German East Asia Squadron's failure to adequately defend itself at the Battle of the Falkland Islands against British battlecruisers. Lieutenant Destremau was chastised by his misinformed superior officer for his actions during the defense of Papeete and for the loss of the gunboat Zélée. He was summoned back to Toulon under arrest to be court-martialled but died of illness in 1915 before the trial. In 1918, Destremau was finally recognized for his actions at Papeete and was posthumously awarded the Légion d'honneur.
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The Krupp guns were pushed forward to fire at point blank, blowing up several houses and causing the surrender of 20 hostile soldiers. Meanwhile, the 22nd Mounted Brigade, advancing at the gallop along the track from Beit Durdis to Gaza, had also reached the outskirts of the town by dusk. By nightfall, the Anzac Mounted Division had fought their way into the streets of Gaza, suffering very few casualties during this advance. While the attack in the centre by the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was progressing, the 22nd Mounted Brigade had come up on the New Zealanders' left, and it was this attacking force that entered the town. Meanwhile, the 2nd Light Horse Brigade had met stiff resistance from defenders holding entrenchments in the sand hills to the northwest of the town. Closest to the Mediterranean coast, the 7th Light Horse Regiment (2nd Light Horse Brigade) met considerable opposition, but was eventually able to advance close up to the town.[By 18:00, the position of the attacking force was most satisfactory, and by 18:30 the whole position had been captured, while the defenders were retreating into the town centre.
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Our narrative is still in the midest of the brilliant that were exciting interest during the early part of 1880,when Edison,harnessed to his work,was making rapid progress in commercialy perfecting his lamp. At that time Brush,Thomson,Houston and Weston were busy with their arc light system and none had faith in the little lamp that Edison had given to the world. That their disbelief was in error how well we now know! For the little lamp of high resistance that began to cast its glow in that day has kept on glowing everywhere, as does also the spirit of Edison its inventor. Our busy activities during that development period were now and then interrupted by some merry interlude.Occasionally the 'boys'played jokes on each other.Sometimes one of them who had become tried would seek a nap on a near-by table.While no one objected to a peaceful slumber,if the delinquent began to snore or attempted to imitate the chords of rhapsodies such as we now and then hear on the radio, things happened.Somebody would crash a heavy weight on the table;that stopped the snoring.As an alternative the snorer was sometimes treated to a whiff of concentrared spirits of ammonia which,too,was effective.
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自分でやったりアプリでやると日本語がおかしくなるのできれいな日本語に訳せる方よろしくお願いします！！ On June 17, 1966, two black men entered a bar and grill in New Jersey, and started shooting . The bartender and one customer died instantly . Another customer died almost a month later, as a result of her wounds. A third customer survived, though he lost the use of one eye . Soon after the crime, the police stopped Rubin's car. Rubin and a friend of his were taken to the bar and grill and made to stand against the wall while their car was searched . The police then took them to the hospital and showed them to one of the victims, who said they had not been the shooters . Rubin and his friend were then taken to the police station, where they were questioned for sixteen hours. They both took lie detector tests, and were released. However, by october, the police had found witnesses who said they saw Rubin and his friend running away from the bar and grill just after the crime. One of the witnesses was Alfred Bello, an ex-convict, who had himself been questioned about the crime. The surviving customer, Willie Marins, had changed his story, and now seemed to think that Rubin and his friend were the criminals. When the case came to court, it soon became clear that everything depended on the testimony of these two witnesses. There was no fingerprint evidence, and no scientific proof that Rubin and his friend had recently fired weapons. Some ammunition was found in Rubin's car, which was similar to that used in the shooting. Marins' descriptions of the two men were vague, but Bello's testimony was damning. He said that he heard shots, and then saw Rubin and his friend leave the bar laughing, one carrying a shotgun and the other a handgun. Bello admitted that he himself went into the bar to take money out of the cash register. In spite of this, the all-white jury believed him － in less than two hours, they convicted Rubin and his friend of murder.
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Joe was not a good student. He tried hard, but he was not clever enough to understand everything that he was supposed to learn. In fact, whenever Joe had examinations in the past, he had become so nervous that he could not even remember the little he had learned in class. He would sit there, holding his pen tight and scratching his head while other students were busily writing their answers. Then the time came for the final examination, and Joe spent sleepless nights trying to remember everything he had been taught that year, so that when he went into the examination hall, he was tired and unhappy. The examination papers were handed out, and Joe looked quickly at his copy. The first question was as difficult as he had feared. He read it through several times, and then slowly began to write, but nothing seemed to come easily. Soon he began to sweat, and the drops fell on the paper. To try to gain the teacher's sympathy, he drew rings round the drops with his pen and wrote 'MY SWEAT' under them. The examination finished, and Joe met his friends in the entrance to the hall. They had found the examination easy, they said. "Of course they would!" Joe thought bitterly. A few weeks later the students' examination papers were returned to them with their grades. Joe's friends had all passed, but Joe's grade was 'E', which meant that he had failed. Then, when he looked at his paper more carefully, he saw that there were some more marks of water on it, and under them the teacher had written 'MY TEARS.' 長いですが、よろしくお願い致します。
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