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Melting Ice and Water Scarcity: A Growing Crisis
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2000年8月19日に、砕氷クルーズ船が北極点に到達したが、この有名な極寒の場所が今では開放水面[*]になっていることを発見したと、ニューヨークタイムズは報じました。 厳しい寒さ、氷、雪、と闘いながら、北極点に到着しようとするアメリカのリチャード・バードのような探検家の悲惨な記事を読んで、成長した世代にとって、この新しい眺めは、想像力に負担をかけるものでした。 北極点への多くの初期の旅行において、クルーズ船は、乗客が氷の上に立っているところを写真撮影してもらうために下船することを許可していました。 今回、船は、写真撮影のために十分に厚さのある氷を見つけるために、数マイル離れなければなりませんでした。 1世紀ほど前の探検家が、2000年の夏に北極点に向けて徒歩旅行していたならば、彼らは最後の数マイルを泳がなければならなかったでしょう。 溶ける氷のマスコミ報道は、個々の氷河や氷冠に一般的に集中します、しかし、氷はほとんど至る所で溶けています。 1986年に記録が残され始めて以来、14回の最も暖かい年が、すべて1980年以降に起こったことを考えれば、これは驚くには当たりません。 水不足もまたニュースになります。 世界の主要な川のいくつかが、干上がって、海まで到達することができません。 それらの中には、アメリカ合衆国南西部の主要な川であるコロラド川が含まれます。 中国では、同国の2本の主要な川の北側の川に当たる黄河は、毎年一時期、もはや海に到達しません。 中央アジアでは、アムダリヤ川は、時々、アラル海に到達することができません、なぜならば、それが上流の潅漑によって干上がってしまうからです。 井戸は、あらゆる大陸で干上がっています。 人口が増加し、収入が上がるにつれて、水の需要は、とにかく、多くの国で供給を上回っています。 お金のある人々は、より深い井戸を掘り、下のほうへ地下水面を追いかけます。 井戸を深くすることができない人々は、苦境に立たされます。 状況は、はるかにより不安定になりそうです、なぜならば、2050年までに世界人口に加えられる32億人の人々は、すでに水不足に直面している国々で生まれるからです。 世界の食糧供給の40パーセントが、潅漑地からもたらされるので、水不足は、食糧の安全保障に直接影響を及ぼします。 もし我々が、水不足と言う未来に立ち向かうのであれば、我々は、食糧不足と言う未来にも立ち向かうことになるのです。 農業が始まって以来、地球の気候は、著しく安定していました。 現在、恐らく温室効果 ― 大気中の温室効果ガス、主に二酸化炭素（CO2）の濃度が上昇して生じる温暖化 ― のせいで、地球の温度は、上昇しています 。 CO2濃度のこの増加は、2つの原因から来ます： 化石燃料を燃やすことと森林の伐採です。 毎年、化石燃料が燃やされて、60億トン以上の炭素が、大気中へ放出されます。 森林伐採による炭素の純放出量の推定量は、かなり幅があるのですが、それらは、1年につき15億トンに集中しています。 これらの2つの源からのCO2の放出は、二酸化炭素を調整する自然の能力を、ただただ、圧倒しています。 産業革命が、1760年に始まった時、化石燃料を燃やすことによる二酸化炭素の排出量は、取るに足りないものでした。 しかし、1950年までに、排出量は、1年につき16億トンに達し、大気中のCO2濃度をすでに押し上げる量になっていました。 2000年には、CO2の排出量は、合計63億トンになりました。 （図2-1を参照。） 1950年以降のこの4倍の増加が、地球を温暖化させる温室効果の中心となっています。 個々の化石燃料の二酸化炭素排出量は、異なります。 石炭を燃やすことは、石油よりも、発生するエネルギー単位当たりより多くの炭素を放出します、そして、石油は、天然ガスよりも多くを放出します。 全世界で5億3200万台のガソリンを燃やす自動車は、何千もの石炭火力発電所と組み合わさって、文字通り、気候変動を引き起こしている推進力です。 さらに、近年、世界は1年につき900万ヘクタールの森林を失っています。 森林は、作物を育てる農地の20倍の炭素をヘクタール当たり容易に取り込みます。 もしも、森林の純減量が、除かれれば、二酸化炭素排出のこの原因は消失するでしょう。 北半球では、森林でおおわれている地域は、実は、1年につき360万ヘクタール増加しています。 * open water 開（放）水域［面］◆囲まれていない広い水域で、なおかつ島や岩礁がなく安全に航行可能な水域を指す。
関連するQ&A
- ★至急 英文翻訳
There is an official report that includes some surprising facts. In developed nations,on average, one person uses 1,000 tons of water per year. In japan, one person uses only 700 tons of water per year. The japanese seem to use lees water. However, in japna, one person also uses 600 tons of virtunal water pet year. What is virtanal water ? It is the water that is used to produce a country's imports. The total amount of this virtual water plus domestic water in japan is 1,300 tons per person.
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翻訳お願いします The earth is a planet covered with water. But only 2.5 percent of it is fresh water. In fact , this fresh water is so rare that it is called ''blue gold" A century ago, there were only about two billion people in the world. Now there are more than six billion, and people consume six times as much water as they did then. Today, one person in five does not have clean drinking water. According to the United Nations, there will be eight billion people in 2025, About sixty percent of them will not have enough water. The water shortage will be an urgent problem for people who live in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.
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In fact,when it comes to agricultural imports,Japan buys the most. The products that we import most are wheat, soybeans, and corn.We import them from the United States,Australia, Canada, and China.Why do we import such a lot of agricultural products? It is partly because Japanese have begun to eat more meat. To produce one ton of beef,we need seven tons of grain. To produce seven tons of grain, we need 7,000 tons of water. We are importing millions of tons of grain in order to eat meat. That means we are using billions of tons of water from overseas.
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和訳お願いしますm(._.)m (1)People on Samso saw the island's future in the use of biomass. (2)Biomass is not harmful to our health or to the environment and can produce energy repeatedly. (3)Today the people have begun to say, “This renewable energy project is our project.” (4)Samso's main energy sources-wind and solar-are also renewable. (5)They have been successful in setting a model for countries that are poor in natural resources, and for the people in the world who worry about the day when fossil fuels run out. (6)No wonder this small island of about 4，000 people is visited by as many as 1，000 people every year.
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Fuels such as coal, oil, and gas are described an non-renewable, ( ) the reserves are finite and are not regenerated.Nuclear power also comes from a non=renewable fuel, uranium(although this is not a fossil fuel).Because of the harmful effects of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutant emissions produced when fossil fuels burn, these fuels have a significant and harmful environmental impact.Nuclear power raises the problematic issues of the disposal of radioactive waste and the devastation that would result from a nuclear accident, however unlikely this may seem to the advocates of nuclear power. 1,( )に入る最も適切な語句を選んでください。 rather,although,because,nonetheless 2,英文にもっとも合う見出しを選んでください。 How non-renewable fuels affect the environment Nuclear power and environment-friendly fuels Nuclear power and its superiority over fossil fuel The dwindling reserves of non-renewable fuels 3,５行目の真ん中あたりのraisesをほかの語に置き換えても意味が変わらないものを選んでください ingests transcends encourages involves 3,the devastation that would result from a nuclear accident, however unlikely this may seem to the advocates of nuclear power.の和訳として最も適切なものを選んでください。 実際に原子力事故が起こった時、結果的に推進派がいなくなるほどの惨状になる可能性。 いかに起こり得ないように推進派には思えても、実際に原子力事故が起こった場合には引き起こされてしまう参上。 推進派は一見すると原子力事故はどれも似てないをいうが、実際に起これば結果として大惨事になるという共通点。 原子力事故が起きた結果、大惨事がもたらされるかもしれないが、こういった事故は推進派にとっては類似性がないように見えるものだ。 この質問に補足する
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http://okwave.jp/qa/q7788054.html こちらの英文の続きの文章になります。 ダッシュやコンマで繋がり、一文が長いものもあり、良く分かりませんでした。 お願いします。 Vanuatu and Hawaii are following the lead of yet another island: Iceland, which amazed the world in 1999 when it announced its intention to become the world’s first hydrogen society. Iceland, which spent $185 million – a quarter of its trade deficit – on oil imports in 2000, has joined forces with Shell Hydrogen, DaimlerChrysler and Norsk Hydro in a multimillion dollar initiative to convert the island’s buses, cars and boats to hydrogen and fuel cells over the next 30 years. In part, the transition to hydrogen energy is fuelled by three of the world’s most pressing energy-related problems: worsening urban air pollution, rising geopolitical instability due to oil import dependence, and accelerating climate change from fossil fuel combustion. Prolonging petroleum and coal reliance in transportation and electricity will increase global carbon emissions from 6.1 to 9.8 billion tons of carbon by 2020. In the absence of alternative energy sources in the market, the use of coal and oil are projected to increase by approximately 30 and 40 per cent, respectively. According to the World Energy Assessment, the accelerated replacement of oil and other fossil fuels with hydrogen could help achieve ‘deep reductions’ in carbon emissions and avoid the doubling of pre-industrial CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere: a level at which scientists expect major and potentially irreversible ecological and economic disruptions, such as sea level rising, coastal flooding, extreme weather events and loss of both biodiversity and agricultural productivity. It is no wonder that islands, stationed on the front lines of both the rising tides of climate change and a vulnerability to high oil prices, are in the vanguard of the hydrogen push.
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(1)に入る言葉は、(1)By the way(2)By contrast(3)By all means(4)By coincidenceのどれですか？ People who are concerned about climate change tend to worry about what would happen if the Antarctic ice sheet or the glaciers of Greenland were to melt. And, as most experts agree, these ice sheets are so huge that if they melt, it would mean major environmental damage caused by sea level rise and other effects. (1), the rest of the world`s glaciers contain less water and their disappearance would be a regional rather than a global disaster. If the Earth is losing its glaciers, the place where it matters most is in the Himalayas. The Himalayas are a grand mountain chain 2500km long. They contain the world`s highest mountains including all fourteen that are more than 8000m high. Because giant glaciers surround all the major Himalayan mountains, their melting would greatly influence the Earth`s climate. It is not likely that all this ice is going to disappear in the next few decades. But there is every chance that these glaciers will go on becoming smaller at a far faster rate than they have in recent centuries. Scientists supported by the British government have looked at what this might mean for the Himalayas area. It turns out that the Indus, the major river of Pakistan and of which the Himalayas are the source, could carry anything from 14 to 90 percent more water in the next few decades. This would mean terrible increases in flooding and erosion. But once a great enough percentage of the glaciers has melted, the amount of water in the river would fall by 30 to 90 percent over the end of the century. As this water is the basis of all life and agriculture in Pakistan, the effects hardly need explanation. If the planet continues to warm, there could be big shifts in the environment. Small glaciers would simply disappear and larger ones would retreat. There are signs that this is already happening.
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次の英文を訳してください。 All Inuit live most of their lives close to salt water or fresh water. Their land has a wild look, but grass and flowers manage to live there. In the past the Inuit lived by hunting and fishing and moved all year. The Inuit year has two main seasons:a long,cold winter and a short, cool summer. Spring and fall are too short to be noticed. In summer,there is no snow on the land,and little ice on the sea. In winter the sea freezes and becomes vast ice fields.
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THIRTY-FIVE years ago, Frances Moore Lappé's revolutionary cookbook "Diet for a Small Planet" warned of the dire consequences of a growing taste for meat. For example, it takes up to 16 times more farmland to sustain people on a diet of animal protein than on a diet of plant protein. As US, European, and Asian farmers run out of land for crop expansion, her warning rings prophetic. The emerging meat-eaters of the emerging economies -- especially China -- are driving industrial agriculture into the tropical forests of South America, sending greenhouse gases skyward in a dangerous new linkage between the palate and the warming of the planet. Tropical forests contain a wealth of plant and animal species. But they are also a giant, volatile reservoir of carbon that must remain largely intact in order to bring global warming under control. The wood of these magnificent ecosystems stores more than 400 billion tons of carbon, dwarfing the more than 7 billion tons of fossil fuel carbon burned each year. This reservoir is leaking carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at the rate of 1-2 billion tons of carbon per year through the cutting and burning of rainforest. When agricultural fires escape into neighboring tropical forests during particularly dry years, another billion tons or two can slip into the sky.
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Farmers in South Asia have been fighting with serious droughts in some areas and terrifying floods in others for some years now. Ten years ago farmer Bhairu Singh saw water in the well on his dry wasteland in western India. Experts say, however, things are not going to get any better for Singh and millions of farmers. The reason? It is global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. According to U.N. estimates, about 2.3 billion people in about 50 nations will be troubled by frightening water shortages by 2020 because of global warming. For Singh, chief of a village in the besert state of Rajasthan, finding water is an everyday struggle. He said, “We've been facing a drought for yearas. Our wells have dried up, our crops have withered away and our cattle, too, have died over time.” He added, “Even though it rained a little this year, it wasn't enough to make up for all those years.” The gorwing water crisis will only be made worse by yhe melting of mountain glaciers across the world. Experts say the melting of those glaciers can account for as much as 95 percent of water in river networks. The Himalayan glaciers are the source of fresh water for many South Asian rivers such as the Ganga and Brahmaputra. According to some estimates, these glaciers have already receded in the past ten years. “Himalayan glaciers are shrinking because of climate change,” said a water specialist for the Nepal government. “This may result in heavy water shortage not only in Aepal but in India and Bangladesh during the dry season. And this may cause flooding in the wet season. Another important consequence of global warming concerns glacier lakes. The glacier lakes may burst their banks due to climate change and cause big floods down the rivers.” According to a report by the U.N. environment Program, global warming would cause more than 40 Himalayan glacier lakes to burst in the next few years. The report adds that this would cause floods and would kill thousands of people. what's worse, world temperatures are predicted to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8℃ by 2100 and sea levels to rise between 9 and 88 centimeters. In that case, small islands such as the Maldives and many islands in the Caribbean and South Pacific are in danger of drowning. Sea level rises would make cyclones and storms more dangerous for the people living near the sea. Already the impact of climate change is clearly seen in the rising summer temperatures in South Asia. They go up to 50℃. Monsoons have become harder to predict. It is now one of the world's most carefully watched phenomena. Growing populations and greater demand from agriculture, cities and industry also result in a big fall in water availability. The availability of water for each person in India has fallen to 1,869 cubic meters from 4,000 cubic meters 20 years ago. Some scholars say it could drop below 1,000 in 20 years. Water availability in Canada, Russia, the U.S., Japan and China in 2003 was about 90,000, 30,000, 10,000, 3,300 and 2,300 cubic meters respectively. During the summer, thousands of people in Indian villages walk around for miles in search of water. Even in cities, water is a precious commodity, and it sometimes leads to street fights. Too much tapping of ground water has also invited shortages. “Floods and droughts have been with us for hundreds of years,” said an expert from the Center for Science and Environment in Delhi, “but the impact has become far worse because water is being used more freely and carelessly.” ものすごく長い文ですみません。 スペルにミスがあるかもしれませんが、お願いします
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