The Armistice: A Hurried Process in Northern France

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  • The Armistice was the result of a hurried and desperate process in Northern France. The German delegation arrived in a devastated war zone and was taken to a secret destination aboard Ferdinand Foch's private train.
  • The Germans were given 72 hours to agree to the Allied demands, which included complete demilitarization. The naval blockade of Germany was not lifted until complete peace terms could be agreed upon.
  • There was no negotiation, and the Germans were in no position to refuse to sign. On November 10, they were informed that the Kaiser had abdicated, and the cabinet instructed them to sign. The Armistice was agreed upon and came into effect on November 11, 1918.
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The Armistice was the result of a hurried and desperate process. The German delegation headed by Matthias Erzberger crossed the front line in five cars and was escorted for ten hours across the devastated war zone of Northern France, arriving on the morning of 8 November. They were then taken to the secret destination aboard Ferdinand Foch's private train parked in a railway siding in the forest of Compiègne. Foch appeared only twice in the three days of negotiations: on the first day, to ask the German delegation what they wanted, and on the last day, to see to the signatures. The Germans were handed the list of Allied demands and given 72 hours to agree. The German delegation discussed the Allied terms not with Foch, but with other French and Allied officers. The Armistice amounted to complete German demilitarization (see list below), with few promises made by the Allies in return. The naval blockade of Germany was not completely lifted until complete peace terms could be agreed upon. There was no question of negotiation. The Germans were able to correct a few impossible demands (for example, the decommissioning of more submarines than their fleet possessed), extended the schedule for the withdrawal and registered their formal protest at the harshness of Allied terms. But they were in no position to refuse to sign. On Sunday 10 November, they were shown newspapers from Paris to inform them that the Kaiser had abdicated. That same day, Ebert instructed Erzberger to sign. The cabinet had earlier received a message from Hindenburg, requesting that the armistice be signed even if the Allied conditions could not be improved on. The Armistice was agreed upon at 5:00 a.m. on 11 November, to come into effect at 11:00 a.m. Paris time (noon German time), for which reason the occasion is sometimes referred to as "the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month". Signatures were made between 5:12 a.m. and 5:20 a.m., Paris time. Allied Rhineland occupation Main article: Occupation of the Rhineland The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British, and French forces. Prolongation The Armistice was prolonged three times before peace was finally ratified. During this period it was also developed. • First Armistice (11 November 1918 – 13 December 1918) • First prolongation of the armistice (13 December 1918 – 16 January 1919) • Second prolongation of the armistice (16 January 1919 – 16 February 1919) Trèves Agreement, 17 January 1919 • Third prolongation of the armistice (16 February 1919 – 10 January 1920) Brussels Agreement, 14 March 1919 Peace was ratified at 4:15 pm on 10 January 1920.

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  • Nakay702
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＞The Armistice was the result of a hurried and desperate process. The German delegation headed by Matthias Erzberger crossed the front line in five cars and was escorted for ten hours across the devastated war zone of Northern France, arriving on the morning of 8 November. They were then taken to the secret destination aboard Ferdinand Foch's private train parked in a railway siding in the forest of Compiègne. ⇒休戦条約は、急ぎと捨てばちの経過を経た結果であった。マチアス・エルツベルガーが率いるドイツ軍の代表団は、5台の車で最前線の戦線を横断し、護衛つきで10時間かけて北フランスの荒廃した戦闘地帯を越え、11月8日の朝にやって来た。彼らは、コンピエニュ森の鉄道待避線上に駐車（待機）していたフェルディナン・フォッシュの専用電車に乗って、秘密の目的地に連れて行かれた。 ＞Foch appeared only twice in the three days of negotiations: on the first day, to ask the German delegation what they wanted, and on the last day, to see to the signatures. The Germans were handed the list of Allied demands and given 72 hours to agree. The German delegation discussed the Allied terms not with Foch, but with other French and Allied officers. The Armistice amounted to complete German demilitarization (see list below), with few promises made by the Allies in return. The naval blockade of Germany was not completely lifted until complete peace terms could be agreed upon. ⇒フォッシュは、3日間の交渉で2回しか出席しなかった。最初の日は、ドイツ代表団に欲しいものを尋ね、最後の日は署名を確認するためであった。ドイツ人は連合国側の要求リストを渡され、同意するのに72時間が与えられた。ドイツ代表団は、連合国側の条件について、フォッシュとではなく、他のフランスおよび連合国の将校と議論した。休戦協定を結ぶことは、ドイツ軍の非武装化（下記一覧を参照されたい）を完了させるということに等しかった。ドイツ軍の海上封鎖は、平和条項が合意されるまで、完全に解除されることはなかった。 ＞There was no question of negotiation. The Germans were able to correct a few impossible demands (for example, the decommissioning of more submarines than their fleet possessed), extended the schedule for the withdrawal and registered their formal protest at the harshness of Allied terms. But they were in no position to refuse to sign. On Sunday 10 November, they were shown newspapers from Paris to inform them that the Kaiser had abdicated. That same day, Ebert instructed Erzberger to sign. The cabinet had earlier received a message from Hindenburg, requesting that the armistice be signed even if the Allied conditions could not be improved on. ⇒交渉上の問題はなかった。ドイツ軍は不可能な要求（例えば、彼らが所有する艦隊より多くの潜水艦を廃止することなど）をいくつか訂正し、撤退のスケジュールを延長し、連合国軍の厳しい条件に正式な抗議を行った。しかし彼らは署名を拒否する立場にはなかった。11月10日の日曜日、彼らはカイザーが退位したことを知らせるためにパリから贈られてきた新聞を見せられた。同じ日、エバートはエルツベルガーに署名するように指示した。内閣は、すでに前もってヒンデンブルクからのメッセージを受けていたので、連合国の条件を改善することができない場合でも休戦条約に署名するよう要請した。 ＞The Armistice was agreed upon at 5:00 a.m. on 11 November, to come into effect at 11:00 a.m. Paris time (noon German time), for which reason the occasion is sometimes referred to as "the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month". Signatures were made between 5:12 a.m. and 5:20 a.m., Paris time. 　Allied Rhineland occupation　Main article: Occupation of the Rhineland 　The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British, and French forces. ⇒停戦協定は11月11日午前5時に合意され、パリ時間の午前11時（ドイツ時間の正午）に発効することになった。その日程は、時に「11番月、11番日、11番時」と言われる。調印はパリ時間の午前5時12分から午前5時20分までの間に行われた。 　連合国軍のラインランド占領　主要記事：ラインランド占領 　ラインランドの占領が停戦協定に続いて行われた。占領軍は米国、ベルギー、英国、フランスの軍団で構成された。 ＞Prolongation 　The Armistice was prolonged three times before peace was finally ratified. During this period it was also developed. •First Armistice (11 November 1918 – 13 December 1918) •First prolongation of the armistice (13 December 1918 – 16 January 1919) •Second prolongation of the armistice (16 January 1919 – 16 February 1919) Trèves Agreement, 17 January 1919 •Third prolongation of the armistice (16 February 1919 – 10 January 1920) Brussels Agreement, 14 March 1919 Peace was ratified at 4:15 pm on 10 January 1920. ⇒延長 　最終的に停戦協定が批准されるまでに3回の延期があった。ただし、この期間中にも議論展開は進んだ。 •第1の停戦協定（1918年11月11日～1918年12月13日） •第1の休戦協定延長（1918年12月13日～1919年1月16日） •第2の休戦協定延長（1919年1月16日～1919年2月16日） 「トレヴ合意」、1919年1月17日 •第3の休戦協定延長（1919年2月16日～1920年1月10日） 「ブリュッセル合意」、1919年3月14日 「和平（条約）」は、1920年1月10日の午後4時15分に批准された。

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  • misa23
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回答No.1

休戦は、急いで急いでいるプロセスの結果であった。Matthias Erzbergerが率いるドイツの代表団は、5台の車で最前線を横断し、11月8日の朝に到着した北フランスの荒廃した戦争ゾーンを越えて10時間護衛された。彼らは、Compiègneの森の鉄道サイディングに駐車したFerdinand Fochの専用電車に乗って、秘密の目的地に連れて行きました。 Fochは3日間の交渉で2回しか出演しなかった。最初の日には、ドイツ代表団に欲しいものを尋ね、最後の日には署名を見るようにした。ドイツ人は同盟国の要求のリストを渡され、同意するのに72時間与えられた。ドイツの代表団はFochとではなく、他のフランスと連合軍の将校との連合軍条件について議論しました。ドイツ軍の非武装化（以下のリストを参照）を完了させるには、休戦協定が成立した。完全な平和条項が合意されるまで、ドイツの海軍封鎖は完全に解除されなかった。 交渉の問題はなかった。ドイツ軍はいくつかの不可能な要求（例えば、艦隊より多くの潜水艦を廃止したことなど）を訂正し、撤退のスケジュールを延長し、連合軍の厳しい条件で正式な抗議を行った。しかし彼らは署名を拒否する立場にはなかった。11月10日の日曜日、彼らはカイザーが退位したことを知らせるためにパリからの新聞を見せてくれました。同じ日、エバートはエルツベルガーに署名するように指示した。内閣は、以前はヒンデンブルクからのメッセージを受けて、同盟国の条件を改善することができない場合でも、停戦艦が署名されるよう要請していた。 停戦協定は11月11日午前5時に合意され、パリ時間（正午ドイツ時間）の午前11時に発効することになった。その理由は時には「11日目の11日目11番目の月 "。署名はパリ時間で午前5時12分から午前5時20分までに行われました。 連合軍のラインランド占領 主要な記事：ラインランド の職業ラインランドの占領は、停戦後に行われた。占領軍はアメリカ、ベルギー、イギリス、フランス軍で構成されていた。 延長は 、平和が最終的に批准される前に3回延期された。この期間中にも開発されました。 •第1停戦（1918年11月11日～1918年12月13日） •まず休戦の延長（1918年12月13日- 1919年1月16日） -休戦協定の第二延長•（1919年2月16日1919年1月16日） Trèves協定、1919年1月17日 休戦協定の第三延長•（1919年2月16日- 1920年1月10日） ブリュッセル協定、1919年3月14日 平和は1920年1月10日の午後4時15分に批准された。

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    The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency. Nonetheless, even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations (132 billion gold marks) still placed a significant burden on the German economy. Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed, Germans blamed the near-collapse of their economy on the treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles.[citation needed] In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with "passive resistance", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925.In 1920, the head of the Reichswehr Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the Truppenamt (Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, 18,000 German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by communists and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone. In response, French troops advanced further into Germany until the German troops withdrew. German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty, by failing to meet disarmament deadlines, refusing Allied officials access to military facilities, and maintaining and hiding weapon production. As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside of Germany, companies moved to the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden. Bofors was bought by Krupp, and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons. The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, via the Genoa Conference and Treaty of Rapallo, was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles. Publicly, these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation. However, secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation, chemical and tank warfare.

  • 英文を和訳して下さい。

    The First Battle of Champagne (French: 1ère Bataille de Champagne) was fought from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 in World War I in the Champagne region of France and was the second offensive by the Allies against the Germans since mobile warfare had ended after the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders (19 October – 22 November 1914). The battle was fought by the French Fourth Army and the German 3rd Army. The offensive was part of a strategy by the French army to attack the Noyon Salient, a large bulge in the new Western Front, which ran from Switzerland to the North Sea. The First Battle of Artois began on the northern flank of the salient on 17 December and the offensive against the southern flank in Champagne began three days later. By early November, the German offensive in Flanders had ended and the French began to consider large offensive operations. Attacks by the French would assist the Russian army and force the Germans to keep more forces in the west. After studying the possibilities for an offensive, the Operations Bureau of Grand Quartier Général (GQG: the French army headquarters) reported on 15 November. The Bureau recommended to General Joseph Joffre a dual offensive, with attacks in Artois and Champagne, to crush the Noyon salient. The report noted that the German offensive in the west was over and four to six corps were being moved to the Eastern Front. Despite shortages of equipment, artillery and ammunition, which led Joffre to doubt that a decisive success could be obtained, it was impossible to allow the Germans freely to concentrate their forces against Russia. Principal attacks were to be made in Artois by the Tenth Army towards Cambrai and by the Fourth Army (General Fernand de Langle de Cary) in Champagne, from Suippes towards Rethel and Mézières, with supporting attacks elsewhere. The objectives were to deny the Germans an opportunity to move troops and to break through in several places, to force the Germans to retreat. After minor skirmishes, the battle began on 20 December 1914 when the XVII and I Colonial Corps attacked and made small gains. On 21 December, the XII Corps failed to advance, because most gaps in the German barbed wire were found to be covered by machine-guns. The attack by XII Corps was stopped and the infantry began mining operations, as the artillery bombarded German defences. After several days of attacks, which obtained more small pieces of territory, the main effort was moved by de Cary to the centre near Perthes and a division was added between XVII Corps and I Colonial Corps. On 27 December, Joffre, sent the IV Corps to the Fourth Army area, which made it possible for de Langle to add another I Corps division to the front line. First Battle of Champagne 第一次シャンパーニュ会戦

  • 英文を和訳して下さい。

    The 6th Army attacked with the XIV, VII, XIII and XIX corps, intending to break through the Allied defences from Arras to La Bassée and Armentières. German infantry advanced in rushes of men in skirmish lines, covered by machine-gun fire. To the south of the 18th Brigade, a battalion of the 16th Brigade had dug in east of Radinghem while the other three dug a reserve line from Bois Blancs to Le Quesne, La Houssoie and Rue du Bois, half way to Bois Grenier. A German attack by the 51st Infantry Brigade at 1:00 p.m. was repulsed but the battalion fell back to the eastern edge of the village, when the German attack further north at Ennetières succeeded. The main German attack was towards a salient at Ennetières held by the 18th Brigade, in disconnected positions held by advanced guards, ready for a resumption of the British advance. The brigade held a front of about 3 mi (4.8 km) with three battalions and was attacked on the right flank where the villages of Ennetières and La Vallée merged. The German attack was repulsed by small-arms fire and little ground was gained by the Germans, who were attacking across open country with little cover. Another attack was made on Ennetières at 1:00 p.m. and repulsed but on the extreme right of the brigade, five platoons were spread across 1,500 yd (1,400 m) to the junction with the 16th Brigade. The platoons had good observation to their fronts but were not in view of each other and in a drizzle of rain, the Germans attacked again at 3:00 p.m. The German attack was repulsed with reinforcements and German artillery began a bombardment of the Brigade positions from the north-east until dark, then sent about three battalions of the 52nd Infantry Brigade of the 25th Reserve Division forward in the dark, to rush the British positions. The German attack broke through and two companies of Reserve Infantry Regiment 125 entered Ennetières from the west; four companies of Reserve Infantry Regiment 122 and a battalion of Reserve Infantry Regiment 125 broke in from the south and the British platoons were surrounded and captured. Another attack from the east, led to the British infantry east of the village retiring to the west side of the village, where they were surprised and captured by German troops advancing from La Vallée, which had fallen after 6:00 p.m. and who had been thought to be British reinforcements; some of the surrounded troops fought on until 5:15 a.m. next morning. The German infantry did not exploit the success and British troops on the northern flank were able to withdraw to a line 1 mi (1.6 km) west of Prémesques, between La Vallée and Chateau d'Hancardry.

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