The Problem with Using a Single Global IQ Score
- The finding that intelligence is a single unitary trait measured by a global IQ score is outdated and rejected by most developmental psychologists.
- Intelligence consists of multiple distinct and relatively independent skills or abilities, such as verbal fluency and numerical ability.
- These abilities should not be combined into one global score because they are relatively independent and have different patterns of change through the life span.
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Another problem is that the finding was based on a conception of “intelligence” that most developmental psychologists now reject. Specifically, the finding was from studies in which a single global IQ score was the only measure of a person’s intelligence. It is now known that intelligence is not a single unitary trait, but rather consists of several distinct and relatively independent skills or abilities, such as verbal fluency and numerical ability. The fact that these abilities are relatively independent suggests that they should not be limped together into one global score. Another reason not to combine them is that they seem to depend to different degrees on heredity. Finally, and of most importance to developmental psychologists, different abilities exhibit different patterns of change through the life span. お願いします。
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もう一つの問題は、ほとんどの発達心理学者が、現在では拒絶する「知能」の概念に、その発見が基づいていたということです。 具体的には、その発見は、一つの包括的なIQ得点がある人の知能の唯一の尺度であるという研究から出てきたものでした。知能が単一の統一された特徴ではなくて、むしろ、例えば、ことばの流暢さや数に関する能力と言う様な、いくつかの異なる比較的独立した技術や能力から成ると言うことが、現在では知られています。 これらの能力が比較的独立しているという事実は、それらが、無理に一つの包括的な得点になるべきではないと言うことを示唆しています。 それらを統合するべきではないもう一つの理由は、それらの遺伝への依存度が異なる様に思えると言うことです。 最後に、そして、発達心理学者にとって最も重要なのは、異なる能力は、一生を通じて異なる変化のパターンを示すと言うことです。
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For many years, one of the best-established findings in developmental psychology was that intelligence declines in old age. It is now known, however, that this “finding” is partly false. The data were obtained in cross-sectional research, and apparently reflected differences between birth cohorts to a large extent, because the finding has not been entirely confirmed in research with longitudinal or sequential designs (see Chapter 6, pp, 166-168). お願いします。
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Fluid abilities should change with changes in physiological characteristics of the person. Since marked physiological changes occur in old age, marked changes in fluid abilities should also occur. In contrast, crystallized intelligence should tend to be maintained, in spite of the mutual withdrawal of the elderly person and society, because contact with the culture is only reduced, not eliminated. The best estimates presently available support these predictions, in that crystallized abilities seem to be maintained during old age or even to increase, while fluid abilities decline. Thus, the “well-established finding” is now considered to be only partly correct for the individual. It is true that some intellectual abilities decline in old age-and more markedly than had been believed-but others are maintained until “terminal drop” begins. お願いします。
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Adulthood Developmental psychologists have disagreed about the age range that should define the stage of young adulthood. The word adult is derived from the past participle of the Latin verb adolescere, to grow up. Thus, by derivation an adolescent is one who is growing up, an adult is a “grown-up”. The problem of definition is that the adult is supposed to be grown up not only with respect to physical characteristics, but also with respect to psychological characteristics. He or she is supposed to be mature physically and psychologically. Physical maturity is difficult to measure, and psychological maturity is difficult even to define, especially because some psychological processes continue to improve until very old age. Because of the difficulty of measuring physical and psychological maturity, many developmentalist have by-passed the problem, and adopted a definition based only on age level. お願いします。
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According to another stereotype, a major crisis occurs in middle age, the “mid-life crisis.” However, psychologists have not been able to agree when it occurs, some arguing for the 20s, some for the 60s, and others for every age in between. Furthermore, they disagree about the nature of this crisis. One might suspect, then, that the concept lacks a firm basis of facts. Supporting this suspicion, a recent study showed that middle age is actually the best period of adulthood. Feelings of alienation, powerlessness, meaninglessness, and disengagement were most prevalent in young adulthood and least prevalent in middle age. The elderly group in the study was intermediate. お願いします。
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The cycle ends Other things equal, the death of an old person disturbs us less than the death of a young person, apparently because early death is considered somehow unfair (Kastenbaum, 1975; Roth, 1977). The word death refers to both an event-dying-and the result of this event. It is difficult to distinguish between clinical death and biological death. Clinical death is defined by the absence of vital sings, but after the disappearance of vital sings some biological structures continue to function for an appreciable length of time, and different structures continue to “live” for different lengths of time. Biological death varies, in other words, for different structures in the body. Brain cells are among the first to die when oxygen in the blood is depleted, either because the blood is not oxygenated (as in drowning) or because the blood is not circulated (as in heart failure). Presumably, the mind ceases to function when the brain cells die, although this presumption is challenged in some religions. お願いします。
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Cognitive ability Old age is a time in which some cognitive powers wane, although others do not, at least not until a few years before death. Let’s examine what is known about memory and intelligence of the elderly. お願いします。
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Nevertheless, middle age is not free of crises. Physiological and psychological crises occur, and must be met in a satisfactory way if stagnation is to be avoided. We begin with a physiological crisis that confronts middle-aged woman, the menopause. お願いします。
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The crisis appears at about the same time as the crisis of the empty nest- the departure of the last child from the home-which affects particularly the wife. She may be unable to turn to her husband for help in dealing with the empty-nest crisis, because he is preoccupied with his own crisis of adjusting to the limits on his career and the implied limits on his abilities. Especially if the wife has learned only the traditional view of woman’s role in society-wife and mother-the departure of the last child will be a crisis. For such a woman one of the main purposes in life has ended, bringing about a sudden “retirement” that was unwanted and largely unanticipated. お願いします。
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I am, actually. The essence of the African American experience is we’re hybrid people, because the concept of race in America is not just genetic; it’s cultural. It’s this notion of a people who look different than the mainstream, suffering discrimination and for many decades terrible oppression, but somehow being able to make out of that a music and a language and a faith and a patriotism and a belief in this project we call America that is unique. It’s this notion からの意味を教えてください。また、最後の関係代名詞の先行詞は何になりますか？ オバマ元大統領のインタビューでの発言です。半分白人であるオバマ氏がアフリカ系アメリカ人と描写されることに納得はいきますか、という質問への答えです。よろしくお願いします。
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