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The crisis appears at about the same time as the crisis of the empty nest- the departure of the last child from the home-which affects particularly the wife. She may be unable to turn to her husband for help in dealing with the empty-nest crisis, because he is preoccupied with his own crisis of adjusting to the limits on his career and the implied limits on his abilities. Especially if the wife has learned only the traditional view of woman’s role in society-wife and mother-the departure of the last child will be a crisis. For such a woman one of the main purposes in life has ended, bringing about a sudden “retirement” that was unwanted and largely unanticipated. お願いします。
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その危機は、 ― 家からの最後の子供の旅立ち ―と言う、空の巣 の危機と同じ時期に、現れます。そして、それは特に妻に影響を及ぼします。空の巣の危機に対処する際に夫に援助を求めることが、彼女はできないかもしれません、なぜならば、仕事人生に対する限界とそれが暗示する自身の能力に対する限界に適応すると言う彼自身の危機に彼が心を奪われているからです。特に妻が、― 妻と母 ― と言う、社会での女性の役割の伝統的な見方だけを学んできたならば、最後の子供の旅立ちは危機になるでしょう。そのような女性にとっては、人生における主要な目的の1つが、終わったことになります。そして、それは、望んでいない、また、たいていは予期していなかった突然の「引退」をもたらすからです。
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- 下記の英文を訳してくださる方はいませんか？
Perhaps the most disturbing thing about the empty nest, however, is that it is a sign that youth has gone. This sign, together with the evidence confronted in the mirror and the menopause, which occurs at about the same time as the empty nest, make the loss of youth impossible to deny. Given the worship of youthfulness in our society, especially youthfulness in woman, the effect is a real crisis. Of little comfort to the present generation, the declining birth rate and increasing longevity have combined to increase the average age of Americans to 29 years. If the trends continue, our ideal may also mature. お願いします。
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Nevertheless, middle age is not free of crises. Physiological and psychological crises occur, and must be met in a satisfactory way if stagnation is to be avoided. We begin with a physiological crisis that confronts middle-aged woman, the menopause. お願いします。
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Physical and mental dependency are dealt with in different ways, depending on the resources available. If income is sufficient, the old person may continue to live “independently” in his or her own home. Often, however, monetary resources are too low, and the old person moves in with relatives, usually one of his or her children. If this resource is unavailable, because no child is willing or able to take in the aged and ailing parent, then the only recourse is institutionalization. Only a very small proportion of the aged population is institutionalized, however, amounting in 1970 to about 4 percent of white men, 6 percent of white women, and 3 percent of black men and women. お願いします。
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According to another stereotype, a major crisis occurs in middle age, the “mid-life crisis.” However, psychologists have not been able to agree when it occurs, some arguing for the 20s, some for the 60s, and others for every age in between. Furthermore, they disagree about the nature of this crisis. One might suspect, then, that the concept lacks a firm basis of facts. Supporting this suspicion, a recent study showed that middle age is actually the best period of adulthood. Feelings of alienation, powerlessness, meaninglessness, and disengagement were most prevalent in young adulthood and least prevalent in middle age. The elderly group in the study was intermediate. お願いします。
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In old age, in contrast, the usual cause of losing a spouse is death, and the death is likely to be gradual in onset. Consequently, in principle an old person should have time to prepare for the crisis of losing a spouse, who has become ill. In practice, it turns out that the warning signs are seldom heeded; after all, as pointed out earlier, we are not given the kinds of training-socialization-that would prepare us to meet normal life crises. Consequently, loss of a spouse in old age may be as psychologically sudden in onset as in early adulthood, in effect. お願いします。
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At that age, he is likely to be employed, but if he loses his job new employment is harder to find than when he was younger. Furthermore, even if he stays employed, the extra financial burdens and high economic inflation may force a reduction in the standard of living. Recently the problem is being avoided by the wife’s reentering the labor force, but unless she has specialized training, a well-paying job will be hard to find. お願いします。
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She became pregnant at the just ovulation, and from then until the menopause she was either pregnant or nursing a baby. The typical traditional woman was pregnant 25 times during this period. About 20 of the pregnancies went to full term, but only 15 ended with the birth of a live baby. Of the 15 babies born alive, 10 survived through childhood. In contrast, the typical modern woman raised only a child or two, using contraception as the standard method of control, but using abortion when contraception failed. お願いします。
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Regarding the question of whether death is a life crisis, one noted authority concluded that it is not invariably a crisis for an individual person. “There are people among us who seldom give thought to death. Some of these people come to death before death has come to mind-accidents, foul play, sudden traumas of various kinds. A crisis was neither anticipated nor experienced in such instances. Others among us do think of death, but minus the doomsday visions. There are people who seem to view personal annihilation with equanimity, and others who are serene because, for them, death does not represent annihilation. Still others feel sorely troubled with the life they are experiencing, and death is seen as the solution rather than the problem” (Kastenbaum, 1975, p. 48). お願いします。
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Developmental tasks The period of young adulthood begins with the completion of formal schooling and entry into the job and marriage market. For married parents it ends with departure of the children; for others the end is related to psychologically meaningful events which reveal they are no longer “promising” youngsters. Erikson identified the crisis of this period as intimacy vs. isolation. A major developmental task is the development of intimacy, especially with the opposite sex. During adolescence, the biology of sex is of more concern and interest than are interpersonal affection and intimacy (McCandless, 1970). During early adulthood, however, a failure to establish intimacy leads to isolation and stifles further psychological growth (Erikson, 1963). お願いします。
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The maximum length of human life probably hasn’t increased much since the Stone Age, Kohn said. Modern medicine, improved sanitation and better nutrition have enabled many more people to live from birth to ten years of age, but have done little to add anything to the life span of older people. “Life expectancy at 65 has been affected very little by progress. Maybe it’s gone up a year or two in the last 80 years, he said” (From “Adult’s Life: No Longer Now Than Stone Age Man’s Life” in Spectator, March 1978. Reprinted by permission of the University of Iowa Press). Although not relative to the issues under consideration here, it is worth-while to point out two places where the article skirts dangerously close to the misuse of statistics. First, while the maximum length of human life has perhaps not changed much since the Stone Age, as asserted, the average length of human life has probably increased enormously. It increased by 59 percent in the present century alone. Second, life expectancy at 65 has actually gone up more than “a year or two” in the last 80 years: it has gone up about 3.3 years, which gains in impressiveness when you consider that this is a 28 percent increase over the life expectancy of 11.9 years at age 65 in 1900. お願いします。
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