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英文について質問です。
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＞The major difficulty in investigating personality characteristics is that of identification and measurement. この文で、thatは何を指しているのでしょうか？ 既にご回答のある通りですがthatはdifficultyを指しています。 訳せば investigating personality characteristicsにおけるmajorなdifficulyは、identificationとmeasurementにおけるそれ（difficulty)である。 と云う事ですね。 personality characteristics個人の性格（人格）の特性と云う事ですが personalityは名詞ですから本来はpersonal characteristicsの様に云うべきでしょうがここでは personal cult[個人崇拝]の様に２つの名詞で１つの名詞を表すものだと考えます。 個人の性格の特性を調査するに当たって、特に難しいのは、見分ける事、そして測る事のそれ（難しさ）なのである。 見分ける、測るというのはpersonality characteristicsをどう見分け、測定するのかと云う事になります。 #2さんへの補足ですが ＞The major difficultys in investigating personality characteristics are identification and measurement. でも意味は通じるということですね？ そうです。複数形はdifficultiesですね。ここでは The major difficulty (in investigation personality characteristics) is identification and measurement. の様に主語を単数形にしてもいいと思います。 The difficulty is identification and (the difficulty is) measurement. と省略されていると思えば使えます。 ただし意味は違ってくると思います。 質問文では、identificationとmeasurementの難しさである、となりますが 上の文章だと [個人の性格の特性を調査するに当たって、まず難しいのは、見分ける事そして測定する事である] の様になりますね。 見分ける事と測定する事の難しさである、と言いたい場合は that ofをつけた方がいいです。
その他の回答 (3)
ofは必要だと思います。ofがければ 述語が同格的にも 形容詞的にもbe動詞が繋詞として働くのは苦しいです。
お礼
補足ありがとうございます。 The major difficulty in investigating personality characteristics is of identification and measurement. ということでしょうか？自分の触れてきた英文が少なすぎるとは思うんですが、どうもあんまりしっくりこないような…はじめの質問とはずれてきましたが、もしお暇であれば回答願います。
thatはdifficultyをさします。thatはなくても意味が通じると思いますが、この場合は is を用いることによって is というbe動詞が主語と補語を同格として結びつける繋詞として作用しています。thatがないと、isはof以下を形容詞的な働きをする語句として認識します。つまりですね、thatがあれば、主語と補語の同一性を表し、thatがなければ述語が主語を形容しているのです。
補足
ということは、The major difficultys in investigating personality characteristics are identification and measurement. でも意味は通じるということですね？ すいませんがもう一度回答願いします。
アメリカ人です。 +++ 文法上の問題ですので、この回答は個人の意見により変わるものではありません。 The major difficulty in investigating personality characteristics is that of identification and measurement. 個人の性格の特性を調査する上でまず難しいのは、(そうした性格上の特性を)特定すること(=見分けること)と、それを数値的に測定すること(の難しさ)である。 文章の後半で「...の難しさ」を敢えて省略した理由は、同じ言葉の繰り返しになって冗長になるからです。この訳文でも明らかな通り、"that" は "difficulty" を繰り返したものです。 +++ 以上
お礼
回答ありがとうございます。なるほど。僕は文章の意味をよく理解していなかったんですね。たしかにthat が investigating personality characteristics だったら意味通じませんもんね。ありがとうございました。
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- 英語
- この英文の和訳お願いします。 難しいです。
翻訳サイトだと意味がおかしくなるので質問しました。 Later in this book I will describe information gained from other sources. Twelve old people in the sample were kind enough to keep a diary of their activities for a week in the spring of 1955. Four of these diaries are reproduced in an appendix. Special surveys were made of the social and family background of old people seeking help from the social services: a sample group of some 200 people originating in East London who spent the last period of their lives in L.C.C homes; and finally, 400 people being visited by home helps in Bethnal Green. The object of these surveys was, first, to explore the respective functions of relatives and of the social services in helping to meet the needs of old people, and second, to pinpoint those groups who make the heaviest demands on statutory and voluntary provision. In presenting the results I have tried throughout to keep individual people in the forefront. The research worker is so anxious to establish patterns, uniformities, and systems of social action that he is tempted to plan questionnaires that can be filled in simply and to confine his report largely to classificatory lists and tables of statistics. The uniqueness of each individual and each family is probably the fundamental difficulty about this. However those to be studied are selected, whether on grounds of likeness in age, situation, occupation, or class, once one meets them and behavior, relationships, attitude and interpretation. Standard questions, prepared beforehand, mean different things to different people; they are sometimes appropriate, sometimes inappropriate; by themselves they do not provide an adequate means of thoroughly investigating subjects as complex as this. Before one can apply or interpret the reliability of answers to set questions, one needs a fair idea of the most important relationships, activities, and characteristics of each person approached, important, that is, as they are judged by him. Too many of the principal features of social life might otherwise be missed or misrepresented. Although I believe with conviction that the methods of interviewing should be flexible and that reports on social research should convey the quality and diversity of individual and social behavior, I am not suggesting that the search for patterns of behavior, through statistical analysis and correlation, is not important. I am submitting only that once a social inquiry moves beyond simple description and measurement, for instance, of facts of a basically demographic kind, the build-up of statistics and indices of behavior becomes a subtle and complicated process that can only proceed in the context of a wide knowledge of the societies concerned. And such knowledge cannot be gained unless there is direct and continuous acquaintance with the people who are being studied.
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- 英文についての質問
The project was first announced in 2000 and took over 10 years to complete. The main concept of the MAXXI is directly linked to the purpose of the building as a center for the exhibition of visual arts. The walls that cross the space and their intersections defines the interior and exterior spaces of the MAXXI. This system acts on all three levels of the building, the second of which is the more complex, with a wealth of connections with various bridges that link buildings and galleries. The visitor is invited to enter into a series of continuous spaces, rather than the compact volume of an isolated building. The National Museum of Arts of the 21st Century (MAXXI for short), in Rome, was designed and built between 1998 and 2010. The main theme of its architecture is the sense of movement; Everything in the structure seems to be moving and flowing. The facade belongs to her earlier period, with smooth curving white walls and an austere black and white color scheme. The building is perched on groups of five very thin pylons, and one gallery with a glass face precariously overhangs the plaza in front of the museum, creating shade. ある建物についてサイト（Zaha Hadid のHPとその建築物のHP）から引用してきたのですが、どちらかを使おうかと思っています。 両方建物（デザイン）について述べていますよね？ 大した違いがないと思うので、下の文章を使おうかと思っているのですが、どう思いますか？（自分で決めろって感じだとは思うのですが…） 建物（デザイン）を説明するのであれば、上の方がいい、とかありますか？ 両方読んだのですが、あまり違いがわからないもので…。 アドバイスいただけたらと思います。 よろしくお願いします。
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- 英語
- 下記の英文を訳してくれる方はいませんか？
Adulthood Developmental psychologists have disagreed about the age range that should define the stage of young adulthood. The word adult is derived from the past participle of the Latin verb adolescere, to grow up. Thus, by derivation an adolescent is one who is growing up, an adult is a “grown-up”. The problem of definition is that the adult is supposed to be grown up not only with respect to physical characteristics, but also with respect to psychological characteristics. He or she is supposed to be mature physically and psychologically. Physical maturity is difficult to measure, and psychological maturity is difficult even to define, especially because some psychological processes continue to improve until very old age. Because of the difficulty of measuring physical and psychological maturity, many developmentalist have by-passed the problem, and adopted a definition based only on age level. お願いします。
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- 英文読み取りの問題を添削してください。
少々長文です）英文読み取りの問題を添削して下さい。 【This narative approach to the study of personality】 is different from most of the approaches that we have encountered...（以下省略します） 【】内の方法について、4つの特徴を簡潔に説明せよ、という問題です。 3つ目と4つ目に自信がないので、どなたか添削していただけないでしょうか。 もし違っていたら、どうしてそうなるのか教えていただけるとうれしいです。 3つ目は「統計的な要素がなく、過去・現在・未来に渡る、その人の生涯を研究する。」 4つ目は、「量的研究を行わず、行動の意味を探求することが目的である」 と回答しました。 以下、3つ目と4つ目です。 3つ目）third, whereas most personality psychology is relatively static, aiming give a snapshot of people at a particular time, the narrative study of lives is intrinsically temporal. Lives unfold through time and must be understood as extended through past, present, and future. 4つ目）Finally, whereas most personality psychology employs quantitative research methods and seeks to clarify the causes of behavior,the narrative approach to personality is not normally quantitative and aims to enlighten us about the meanings of behavior. Rather than trying to formulate explanatory ;laws about the causes and effects of personality characteristics, that is, narrative psychologists try to interpret the complexities of individual lives in terms of human intentions, motivations, and beliefs. ここ最近、英文読み取りの問題をこちらで聞いているんですが、 毎度毎度、的外れな答えをしてしまっています。 どうすればポイントを読み取れるのか、まったくわからないです。 気づけるか気づけないかの問題なので、なんかコツがあるのかなあと思うんですが…。
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- 簡単な単語で成り立っているのに訳せません
For him a key difficulty and major point of interest in analyzing the novel lies in its being still a young genre that is developing and changing:（以下文が続きますが以下は訳せました） どれも見聞きしたことのある単語から構成されている文章なのですが、さっぱり訳せません。文頭のForはこの場合どういう意味になるのか(forには色々意味がありますよね)、なぜkey difficultyと名詞が連続するのか… どなたかご指導のほどお願いいたします。
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- 英文についての質問です。（1）
Distinguishing talent from genius is inevitable fraught with difficulty, since neither term has a widely agreed definition or method of measurement. The most obvious question to ask is whether talent and genius form a continuum, or are separated by a discontinuity? (Genius by Andrew Robinson) わからない個所について質問があります。 whether talent and genius form a continuum, or are separated by a discontinuity? の個所で言っていることは、 才能と天才は遺伝するのか、ということですか？ form a continuumとare separated by a discontinuity （連続体、不連続体が意味するところがよくわからないのですが） ＊そもそも日本語の意味で「才能」（talent)と「天才」(genius)の違いがわかりにくい感じです。 大変お手数をおかけして申し訳ないですが、よろしくお願いいたします。 尚、段落の全文は Distinguishing talent from genius is inevitable fraught with difficulty, since neither term has a widely agreed definition or method of measurement. The most obvious question to ask is whether talent and genius form a continuum, or are separated by a discontinuity? Put another way, the question becomes: should we speak of greater and lesser geniuses-- instead of simply genius? Physicists generally feel that Einstein is a greater genius than, say, his contemporary Niels Bohr(also a Nobel laureate). Artists feel the same about Picasso, as compared with his contemporary Georges Braque. And the same is true for composers regarding Mozart, as compared with his contemporary (and fervent admire) Joseph Haydn. です。（質問の（1）と次の質問の（2）を合体させたものです）
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- 英文についての質問です。
I believe that you in the United States have hit upon the right idea. You choose a President for a reasonable length of time and give him enough power to acquit himself properly of his responsibilities. In the German Government, on the other hand, I like the state's more extensive care of the individual when he is ill or unemployed. What is truly valuable in our bustle of life is not the nation, I should say, but the creative and impressionable individuality, the personality--he who produces the noble and sublime while the common herd remains dull in thought and insensible in feeling. This subject brings me to that vilest offspring of the herd mind--the odious militia.The man who enjoys marching in line and file to the strains of music falls below my contempt; he received his great brain by mistake--the spinal cord would have been amply sufficient. This heroism at command, this senseless violence, this accursed bombast of patriotism---how intensely I despise them! War is low and despicable, and I had rather be smitten to shreds than participate in such doings. Such a stain on humanity should be erased without delay. I think well enough of human nature to believe that it would have been wiped out long ago had not the common sense of nations been systematically corrupted through school and press for business and political reasons. (What I Believe by A. Einstein) わからない点について教えてください。 1）1段落目にあるthe (creative and impressionable) individualityと the personalityは、同格で並んでいるのでしょうか？ the individualityとthe personalityはどちらも"個性"を意味する単語だと思うのですがどのような違いがあるのでしょうか？ 2）2段落目の冒頭にあるThis subjectというのは、個人よりも国家を重んじてしまうという主題でしょうか？ 前段のWhat is truly valuable～最後までの部分を指しているようにも感じるのですが、 he who produces the noble and sublime while the common herd remains dull in thought and insensible in feeling.の意味するところが主題にどのようにかかわっているのかよくわかりません。 3）2段落目にあるThe man who enjoys marching in line and file to the strains of music falls below my contempt; he received his great brain by mistake--the spinal cord would have been amply sufficient. これはどういうことを言っているのでしょうか？ 特にthe spinal cord would have been amply sufficient.の個所が意味不明です。 "brain"は才能ですか？ 4) 3段落目にあるI think well enough of human nature to believe that it would have been wiped out long ago had not the common sense of nations been systematically corrupted through school and press for business and political reasons. この英文の構造はどうなっているのでしょうか？ to believe that～・・・that以下を信じるために？ it would have been・・・・it＝human nature？ had not the common sense of nations been systematically corrupted ～・・・ had notとbeenの間にthe common sense of nationsが入っている構造がわかりません。 倒置ですか？ 大変長くなってしまって申し訳ありません。 よろしくお願いいたします。
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- 下記の英文を訳してくださる方はいませんか？
Loneliness The feeling of loneliness pervades old age, even for old persons still living with their spouses. It is especially prevalent among women and among women especially among widows (Lopata, 1975). In fact, loneliness is the major difficulty faced by widows (treas, 1975). Among the other consequences of loneliness is reduced appetite, which could result in malnutrition (Weg, 1975); but the one inevitable consequence of loneliness is reduced satisfaction with life. The quality of life cannot be satisfactory if one is ridden with loneliness, social isolation, and bitterness. お願いします。
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- 英語
- この英文を和訳して欲しいです。
Gerontology is defined as the science of aging. Actually it is made up of the knowledge about aging derived from many sciences, including biology, pｓychology, and sociology. Ｇｅｒｏｎｔｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓ are the scientists who study aging. Gerontologists have been accused of focusing only on the declines of aging, and of assuming that the characteristics of the aged are the primary causes of the problems of elders. Such a focus on declines is a subtle form of ageism because it ignores the possibilities of growth and improvement with age. The assumption that the characteristics of elders are the cause of the problems of elders is another subtle from of ageism, because it ignores the extent to which the ageism embedded in our social structure and culture contribute to the problems of elders. The extent to which various theories in gerontology may contribute to ageism is discussed in Chapter 6. Geriatrics is the study of the medical aspects of old age, and the application of gerontology to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of illness among older persons. Thus, while gerontology deals with all aspects of aging, geriatrics is limited to the medical aspects. Physicians may be subject to several kinds of ageism. Because they focus on illness and disability, they may forget that health and ability is normal among elders. They may be tempted to blame any difficult or obscure illness on old age and assume that nothing can be done about it. Geriatricians and other providers of service to elders may exaggerate age differences and needs of elders in order to promote their own service roles. Several gerontologists charge that gerontology is becoming increasingly "biomedicalized" and that this produces a negative view of aging. Kalish suggested that there is a "new ageism" found especially among advocates and service providers for the aged. It stereotypes the "elderly" in terms of the characteristics of the least capable, least healthy, and least alert of the elderly. It perceives the older person as, in effect, a relatively helpless and dependent individual who requires the support services of agencies and other organizations. It encourages the development of services without adequate concern as to whether the outcome of these services contributes to reduction of freedom for the participants to make decisions controlling their own lives. It produces an unrelenting stream of criticism against society in general and certain individuals in society for the mistreatment of the elderly, emphasizing the unpleasant existence faced by the elderly.
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お礼
丁寧な回答ありがとうございます。とても参考になりました。that of を使うだけで意味が微妙に違ってくるとは…英語はおもしろいですね。ではどうも。