The Retreat from Mons and the Battle of Néry
- The Retreat from Mons and the Battle of Néry were part of the early stages of World War I.
- The German 1st Army aimed to cut off the retreat of the French Fifth Army and isolate Paris.
- The Battle of Néry was a clash between British and German forces on August 31, 1914.
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However, most units had reached their overnight stations quite late on the 31st, and so General Pulteney, the corps commander, ordered a later departure. Behind the retreating British forces, the German 1st Army on the right wing had begun to swing south, aiming to cross the river Oise around Compiègne, with the goal of cutting off the retreat of the French Fifth Army and isolating Paris. On the afternoon of 31 August, the 5th Division was identified about eight miles north-west of Compiègne and heading southwards, whilst the leading cavalry divisions of the army crossed the Oise north of Compiègne around the same time. The German units were on a forced march, ordered to reconnoitre towards Paris with all possible speed, and had begun moving at 4 am that morning. Many would continue through the following night; some prisoners at Néry said that they had been travelling for twenty-six hours without sleep. They pressed on regardless of fatigue; one regimental commander responded to complaints that his men were being pushed too hard with the curt remark that "sweat saves blood". The first contact between the armies that evening was just after nightfall, when the 2nd Royal Welsh Fusiliers of III Corps encountered a patrol of the 8. Husaren-Regiment, of the 9th Cavalry Division, outside Verberie, on the extreme west flank of the British force. On the British side, the 1st Cavalry Brigade bivouacked at Néry consisted of three cavalry regiments under the command of Brigadier-General Sir Charles Briggs, the 2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays), 5th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) Dragoon Guards and 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars. Each had a nominal strength of 549 men in three squadrons, with two Vickers machine-guns; They were supported by L Battery of the Royal Horse Artillery, which had a nominal strength of 205 men with six 13-pounder guns. Both units were part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) Cavalry Division, and had seen action throughout the Retreat from Mons, including fighting at the Battle of Mons and the Battle of Le Cateau but neither had suffered many casualties and were still close to establishment size. The German forces were screened on their southern flank by five cavalry divisions. One of these, the 4th Cavalry Division, had crossed the Oise during 31 August and moved towards Néry, apparently unaware of the presence of British forces in the area. Commanded by General Otto von Garnier, the division consisted of six 722-man cavalry regiments in three brigades, along with a divisional artillery battalion of twelve guns, a battery of six machine-guns and two Jäger (light infantry) battalions, each with a further six machine-guns; the total strength was around 5,200 men. The divisional units were the 3. Kavallerie-Brigade (2. Kürassier-Regiment and 9. Ulanen-Regiment) commanded by Karl Leopold Graf von der Goltz, the 17.
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＞However, most units ～ a later departure. Behind the retreating British ～ around the same time. ⇒しかし、ほとんどの部隊は31日の夜遅くに到着して駅泊まりの状況であったので、軍団司令官、プルトニー将軍は出発を遅らせることを命じた。 退却する英国軍団の背後で、その右翼のドイツ第1方面軍は、コンピエーニュ周辺でオワーズ川を渡ることを目指して南に旋回し始めたが、それはフランス第5方面軍の後退を断ち切ってパリを孤立させることを目的としたからであった。8月31日の午後、第5師団はコンピエーニュの北西約8マイル地点で南に向かっていること、およびそれと同時に方面軍を主導する騎兵数個師団がコンピエーニュの北方のオワーズを横切ったことが確認された。 ＞The German units were ～ that "sweat saves blood". ⇒行進強行中であったドイツ軍部隊が、可及的速やかにパリ方向を偵察するよう命じられたので、その朝の午前4時に動き始めた。多くの者が翌日まで（行進を）続けたようで、ネリーで捕らえらた数人の囚人らは、睡眠なしで26時間動き続けた、と語った。彼らは、疲労に関係なく緊急奮戦したのであった。ある連隊司令官は、彼の部下が不機嫌にも緊急奮戦の度が過ぎるとの批判的苦情を申し立てたのに対して、「汗が血を（＝苦労が命を）救う」と答えた。 ＞The first contact between ～ 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars. ⇒その夜の方面軍間の最初の接触は、第III軍団の第2王立ウェールズ火打石銃隊が英国軍団最西端のヴェルベリー郊外にある第9騎兵師団、第8フサレン連隊の巡視隊に遭遇した時点で、日没直後だった。英国側では、ネリーで露営した第1騎兵旅団は、准将チャールズ・ブリッグス指揮下の騎兵3個連隊、第2ドラゴン（クイーンズベイ）護衛隊、第5ドラゴン（ウェールズのシャーロット王女）護衛隊、および第11フッサール（アルバート王子自身）隊から成っていた。 ＞Each had a nominal strength ～ close to establishment size. ⇒それぞれの隊が名目上549人の軍勢を擁して3個中隊に配属され、各中隊が2丁ずつのビッカーズ（社製）機関銃を持っていた。彼らは、名目上205人の軍勢と6門の13型ポンド砲を持つ王立騎馬砲兵隊、L砲兵中隊の支持を受けていた。両部隊は英国遠征隊（BEF）騎兵師団の一部であり、「モンスの戦い」と「ル・カトーの戦い」での戦闘を含むモンスからの退却の間ずっと戦闘行動を経てきたが、どちらもさほど多くの犠牲者を出しておらず、依然として創設時の規模に近かった。 ※この段落、誤訳があるかも知れませんが、その節はどうぞ悪しからず。 ＞The German forces were ～ was around 5,200 men. ⇒ドイツ軍団は、南側面で騎兵5個師団によってかくまわれていた。そのうちの1個、第4騎兵師団は8月31日の間にオワーズを横切り、ネリーに向かって移動したが、明らかにその地域に英国軍が存在していることに気づいていなかった。オットー・フォン・ガルニエ将軍の指揮下にあるこの師団は、722人の騎兵6個連隊がそれぞれ3個旅団に配属される形で構成されていた。それに、12砲を持つ師団の1個大隊、6丁の機関銃を持つ砲兵１個中隊、さらに6丁ずつの機関銃を持つ狙撃兵（軽歩兵）2個大隊がついて、総勢は約5,200人であった。 ☆The divisional units were the 3. Kavallerie-Brigade (2. Kürassier-Regiment and 9. Ulanen-Regiment) commanded by Karl Leopold Graf von der Goltz, the 17*. 師団部隊は、カール・レオポルド・グラーフ・フォン・デル・ゴルツが指揮する3番騎兵旅団（2番重騎兵連隊、および9番槍騎兵連隊）、17番（…）*であった。 ＊この文は完結していません（文の途中で区切られています）。ただ、次の質問に続いていますので、そこでもう一度この２行を繰り返すことにします。
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しかし、ほとんどの部隊は31日の夜遅くまで駅に到着していたので、軍司令官であるGeneral Pulteneyが後の出発を命じた。 後退しているイギリス軍の背後で、フランス第五軍の後退を断ち切ってパリを孤立させることを目的として、Compiègne周辺のOise川を渡ることを目指して、右翼のドイツ第一軍が南に振り始めました。 8月31日の午後、第5師団はコンピエーニュの北西約8マイルで南向きに識別され、同時に軍の主要騎兵師団師団はコンピエーニュの北方のオワーズを横切った。 ドイツ軍ユニットは、可能な限り速さでパリに向かって偵察するよう命令された強制行進中で、その朝の午前4時に動き始めた。 多くは翌日まで続きます。 ネリーの何人かの囚人は彼らが睡眠なしで26時間旅行していたと言った。 彼らは疲れに関係なく押しつけた。 ある連隊司令官は彼の部下が「汗が血を救う」という批判的な発言であまりにも強く押されているとの苦情に答えた。 その夜の軍隊間の最初の接触は、第3軍団の第2王立ウェールズ人核兵器隊がイギリスの最西端のヴェルベリー郊外にある第9騎兵師団の第8騎兵連隊の巡回に遭遇した日没直後だった。 力。 イギリス側では、ネリーで襲撃された第1騎兵旅団は、准将チャールズ・ブリッグスの指揮下にある3人の騎兵連隊、第2ドラゴンガード（クイーンズベイ）、第5（ウェールズのシャーロット王女）ドラゴンガードと11日（プリンス）から成った。 Albert's Own）Hussars それぞれが3つの飛行隊で549人の名目上の戦闘力を持ち、2つのビッカース機関銃を持っていた。 それらは、6隻の13砲弾を持つ205名の名目上の強さを持っていたロイヤルホース砲のLバッテリーによって支えられました。 両部隊はイギリス遠征隊（BEF）騎兵師団の一部であり、モンスの戦いとルカトーの戦いでの戦闘を含むモンスからの退却の間ずっと行動を見ていましたが、どちらも多くの犠牲者を出していませんでした。 サイズ。 ドイツ軍は南側の側面で5つの騎兵師団によって上映されました。 そのうちの1人、第4騎兵師団は8月31日の間にオワーズを通過し、明らかにその地域にイギリス軍が存在していることに気づいていなかったネリーに向かった。 オットー・フォン・ガルニエ将軍の指揮下にあるこの師団は、3隊の6222人の騎兵連隊と12砲の師団砲兵大隊、6機の機関銃と2丁のイェーガー（軽歩兵）大隊で構成されていた。 さらに6個の機関銃。 総力は約5,200人でした。 分割部隊は、カール・レオポルド・グラーフ・フォン・デア・ゴルツが指揮する3・カヴァレリー・ブリゲイド（2・キュラシエ連隊および9・ウラン・レジメン）であった。
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The Charge at Huj (8 November 1917), (also known by the British as the Affair of Huj), was an engagement between forces of the British Empire' Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Ottoman Turkish Empire's,[nb 1] Yildirim Army Group during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. It took place during the Pursuit phase of the Southern Palestine Offensive which eventually captured Jerusalem a month later. The charge was carried out by units of the 5th Mounted Brigade, against a rearguard position of German, Austrian and Turkish artillery and infantry armed with machine guns. The charge was successful and the British captured the position, seventy prisoners, eleven pieces of artillery and four machine guns. However British casualties were heavy; of the 170 men taking part, twenty-six were killed and forty wounded. They also had 100 horses killed. The charge is claimed to be one of the last British cavalry charges and was immortalised in a watercolour painting by the noted British artist Lady Butler.Huj is a Palestinian Arab village located 9.3 miles (15.0 km) north east of Gaza. During the Third Battle of Gaza, under pressure from the British attack, the majority of the Turkish forces from XXI Corps, had withdrawn from the area on 5 November. At around 14:00 8 November 1917, the following British forces with the 60th (2/2nd London) Division in the lead were stopped by artillery fire from a strong rearguard position on a ridge of high ground to the south of Huj. The Turkish rearguard had been established to protect the withdrawal of the Eighth Army headquarters, and was composed of German, Austrian and Turkish artillery, around 300 infantry and six machine guns. Aware that his infantry division alone would have problems taking the position, the 60th Division commander requested assistance from mounted troops. The only mounted troops in the area were 170 yeomanry - two full squadrons and two half squadrons from the Worcestershire and Warwickshire Yeomanry - part of the British 5th Mounted Brigade in the Australian Mounted Division. The squadrons manoeuvred under cover to a forming up point 1,000 yd (910 m) on the British right.
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The German 4th Cavalry Division lost 501 men and c. 848 horses during the battle, casualty rates of 16 percent and 28 percent. Total casualties of the 2nd and 4th Cavalry divisions were 150 dead, 600 wounded, 200–300 prisoners. The Belgian army had 1,122 casualties, including 160 dead and 320 wounded. Until the German advance into France began, the 2nd Cavalry Division remained in the vicinity of Hasselt to guard the area near the Gete and the 4th Cavalry Division moved south on 13 August to the area around Loon and then moved towards the south-east of Tienen and joined the 9th Cavalry Division, which had crossed the Meuse on 14 August. On 16 August Marwitz advanced with the two divisions to Opprebais and Chaumont-Gistoux, where skirmishing with cavalry and artillery occurred, before meeting infantry who were well dug-in. Next day the cavalry slowly retired towards Hannut.
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The ANZAC Mounted Division's field ambulance units had been reorganised before the battle, and were equipped with 10 pairs of litters, 15 pairs of cacolets, 12 sand-carts, 12 cycle stretchers and six sledges. With this, they were able transport 92 patients at a time, and they set about the task of evacuating the wounded. The following morning, the 8th Light Horse Regiment was attacked by Ottoman cavalry and camel units. After a period of fighting, the attackers were forced to withdraw, leaving 14 prisoners behind. The whole of the 3rd Light Horse Brigade returned to the battlefield on 10 January with the 7th Light Car Patrol and wagons to collect captured material. During the night of 19 January, with the benefit of a full moon, German and Ottoman aircraft carried out the biggest aerial bombing raid yet, inflicted on the EEF's fast growing and important forward base of El Arish.
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On 11 January 1915, the commander of the British Mediterranean Squadron, Vice Admiral S. H. Carden proposed a plan for forcing the Dardanelles using battleships, submarines and minesweepers. On 13 February, the British War Council approved the plan and Carden was given more pre-dreadnought battleships, the modern battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth and the battlecruiser HMS Inflexible. France contributed a squadron including four pre-dreadnoughts and the Russian navy provided the light cruiser Askold. In early February 1915, the naval forces were supplemented by contingents of Royal Marines and the 29th Division, the last uncommitted regular division, which joined Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (Anzac) divisions training in Egypt. The infantry were intended for the occupation of Constantinople after the straits had been taken by the Entente navies. In August 1914, the Outer Defences were two fortresses at the end of the Gallipoli peninsula and two on the Asiatic shore. The forts had 19 guns, four with a range of 9 mi (14 km) and the remainder with ranges of 3.4–4.5 mi (5.5–7.2 km). Four field howitzers were dug in at Tekke Burnu (Cape Tekke) on the European side, then for the next 10 mi (16 km), there was a gap until the Intermediate Defences at Kephez Point, with four defensive works on the south shore and one on the north shore. The fortresses had been built to cover a minefield, which in August 1914 was a line of mines across the strait from Kephez Point to the European shore. Fort Dardanos was the main work which had two new 6-inch naval guns and the rest contained ten small Quick-firing guns with shields. At the Narrows, the Inner Defences had the heaviest guns and some mobile light howitzers and field guns. Five forts had been built on the European side and six on the Asian side with 72 heavy and medium guns. Most of the artillery was obsolescent but there were five long-range 14 in (360 mm) guns with a range of 9.7 mi (15.6 km) and three 9.4 in (240 mm) guns with a 8.5 mi (13.7 km) range. The remainder of the guns in the Inner Defences were mostly obsolete and unable to shoot beyond 5.7 mi (9.2 km). Of the 100 guns in the pre-war defences, only 14 were modern long-range pieces, the rest being old-fashioned breech loaders on fixed carriages. The gunners were poorly trained, there was little ammunition and scant prospect of replacement. Night illumination consisted of a searchlight at entrance to the Straits and one at the Narrows. The forts were easily visible, there were few gun shields and other protective features for the gun-crews and range-finding, artillery observation and fire-control depended on an telephones linked by wire on telephone poles, vulnerable to artillery-fire. The Ottoman official historian wrote, On mobilisation, the fortification and armament of the Dardanelles was very inadequate. Not only were the majority of the guns of old pattern, with a slow rate of fire and short range, but their ammunition supply was also limited. — Ottoman Official History
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Erroneous reports to the Belgian and British commanders before dawn on 8 October, that forts 1, 2 and 4 had fallen, led to a decision that if they were not recaptured, the inner line would be abandoned at dusk and the defenders withdrawn to the city ramparts. The ramparts were earth parapets with shelters underneath and had caponiers protruding on the flanks, with moats 60 yards (55 m) wide and 10–15 feet (3.0–4.6 m) deep in front. The Belgian and British commanders decided to continue the defence of Antwerp with the garrison troops and move the Belgian 2nd Division and the British troops across the Scheldt, when the erroneous report was corrected and it was decided that if forts 1 and 2 were lost, the Royal Naval Division would withdraw at dusk. News arrived that the forts had fallen at 5:00 p.m. and orders were sent to the Belgian 2nd Division and the British to retire. The Belgian division withdrew in stages between 6:30 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. and crossed the Scheldt by 11:30 p.m. The British began to retire at 7:00 p.m. but the orders failed to reach all of the 1st Naval Brigade, only one battalion of which withdrew. At 9:30 p.m. the mistake was realised as the rest of the division began to cross the river from 10:00–11:30 p.m. and moved west parallel to the Dutch frontier. The 1st Naval Brigade reached the Scheldt at midnight, only to find that the bridges were being demolished and under a German shrapnel bombardment. The troops crossed using barges and boats and set out for a rendezvous at Zwijndrecht, which was reached at 4:00 a.m. on 9 October. The British moved on to Sint-Gillis-Waas, where information arrived that the Germans had cut the railway at Moerbeke. The British commander Commodore Henderson, decided to head for the Dutch border to the north and at 10:00 p.m. c. 1,500 men, half the original complement were interned and about forty stragglers managed to sneak along the border and escape. The British forces in Belgium were instructed on 8 October to cover the retirement of the Belgians and British from Antwerp to Ghent, Zelzate, Ostend, Torhout and Diksmuide and then join the left flank of the BEF, as it advanced into Flanders. On 9 October most of the 7th Division moved to join the French and Belgian forces at Ghent, as the 3rd Cavalry Division and the rest of the 7th Division assembled at Bruges; the French 87th Territorial Division was ordered to stop its move to Antwerp at Poperinghe. The British forces came under the command of the BEF as IV Corps, with the 8th Division once it arrived from England (11 November). The BEF II Corps was assembling at Abbeville and Rawlinson, the commander of the new IV Corps, was instructed to hold on at Ghent for as long as possible. The retirement from Antwerp proceeded satisfactorily and no German troops were seen west of Aalst, 15 miles (24 km) south-east of Ghent.
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The Battle of Dujaila was fought between the Ottoman and British forces on 8 March 1916. It was one of the battles in the World War I. The Ottoman forces were led by Ali İhsan Bey and Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz. The British forces were led by Fenton Aylmer. The Battle of Dujaila ended with the Ottoman’s victory. The British had at their disposal 18.891 infantry, 68 artillery guns and 1.268 cavalry. Ottomans had: 8.500 infantry, 1.500 cavalry and 32 artillery guns. Aymer split his forces into three columns. They were marked as A, B and C. A and B columns were together and they were under control of Major-General Kemball. The C column was under command of Major-General Kearny. All three columns started crossing river on 7 March 1916. However, they had a hard time with night-time navigation. Columns A and B separated and they lost contact with each other. The artillery was lost as well. They reach the desired destination an hour and a half after the rest of the force. The attack was delayed and the British lost the element of surprise. During their preparation, Von Der Goltz started ferrying 52ndf Division to the left bank in order to reinforce divisions. By the end of the Battle of Dujaila, he moved 8.000 soldiers across the river. The artillery attack began at 7 a.m. The first units, 59th Scinde Rifles and 1st Manchester Regiment captured first two lines of the Ottomans trenches. However, they didn’t have support so they had to withdraw, eventually. The 8th Brigade had 2.301 soldiers at the beginning of the battle. They lost 1.174. In total, the British lost 3.500 soldiers. The Ottomans lost 1.290.
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At the Battle of Mons the BEF had some 80,000 men, comprising the Cavalry Division, an independent cavalry brigade and two corps, each with two infantry divisions. I Corps was commanded by Sir Douglas Haig and was composed of the 1st and 2nd Divisions. II Corps was commanded by Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien and consisted of the 3rd and 5th Divisions. Each division had 18,073 men and 5,592 horses, in three brigades of four battalions. Each division had twenty-four Vickers machine guns – two per battalion – and three field artillery brigades with fifty-four 18-pounder guns, one field howitzer brigade of eighteen 4.5-inch howitzers and a heavy artillery battery of four 60-pounder guns.
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The captured ground was hard to move over and difficult to defend, as much of it was of the shell-torn wilderness left by the 1916 Battle of the Somme. Elsewhere the transport infrastructure had been demolished and wells poisoned during the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917. The initial German jubilation at the successful opening of the offensive soon turned to disappointment as it became clear that the attack had not been decisive. Marix Evans wrote in 2002, that the magnitude of the Allied defeat was not decisive, because reinforcements were arriving in large numbers, that by 6 April the BEF would have received 1,915 new guns, British machine-gun production was 10,000 per month and tank output 100 per month. The appointment of Foch as Generalissimo at the Doullens Conference had created formal unity of command in the Allied forces. In the British Official History (1935) Davies, Edmonds and Maxwell-Hyslop wrote that the Allies lost c. 255,000 men of which the British suffered 177,739 killed, wounded and missing, 90,882 of them in the Fifth Army and 78,860 in the Third Army, of whom c. 15,000 died, many with no known grave. The greatest losses were to 36th (Ulster) Division, with 7,310 casualties, the 16th (Irish) Division, with 7,149 casualties and 66th (2nd East Lancashire) Division, 7,023 casualties. All three formations were destroyed and had to be taken out of the order of battle to be rebuilt. Six divisions lost more than 5,000 men. German losses were 250,000 men, many of them irreplaceable élite troops. German casualties, from 21 March – 30 April, which includes the Battle of the Lys, are given as 348,300. A comparable Allied figure over this longer period, is French: 92,004 and British: 236,300, a total of c. 328,000. In 1978 Middlebrook wrote that casualties in the 31 German divisions engaged on 21 March were c. 39,929 men and that British casualties were c. 38,512. Middlebrook also recorded c. 160,000 British casualties up to 5 April, 22,000 killed, 75,000 prisoners and 65,000 wounded; French casualties were c. 80,000 and German casualties were c. 250,000 men. In 2002, Marix Evans recorded 239,000 men, many of whom were irreplaceable Stoßtruppen; 177,739 British casualties of whom 77,000 had been taken prisoner, 77 American casualties and 77,000 French losses, 17,000 of whom were captured. The Allies also lost 1,300 guns, 2,000 machine-guns and 200 tanks. In 2004, Zabecki gave 239,800 German, 177,739 British and 77,000 French casualties. R. C. Sherriff's play Journey's End (first produced 1928) is set in an officers' dugout in the British trenches facing Saint-Quentin from 18 to 21 March, before Operation Michael. There are frequent references to the anticipated "big German attack" and the play concludes with the launch of the German bombardment, in which one of the central characters is killed.
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On 22 August, the 13th Division of the VII Corps, on the right flank of the 2nd Army, encountered British cavalry north of Binche, as the rest of the army to the east began an attack over the Sambre river, against the French Fifth Army. By the evening the bulk of the 1st Army had reached a line from Silly to Thoricourt, Louvignies and Mignault; the III and IV Reserve corps had occupied Brussels and screened Antwerp. Reconnaissance by cavalry and aircraft indicated that the area to the west of the army was free of troops and that British troops were not concentrating around Kortrijk, Lille and Tournai but were thought to be on the left flank of the Fifth Army, from Mons to Maubeuge. Earlier in the day, British cavalry had been reported at Casteau, to the north-east of Mons. A British aeroplane had been seen at Louvain (Leuven) on 20 August and on the afternoon of 22 August, a British aircraft en route from Maubeuge, was shot down by the 5th Division. More reports had reached the IX Corps, that columns were moving from Valenciennes to Mons, which made clear the British deployment but were not passed on to the 1st Army headquarters. Kluck assumed that the subordination of the 1st Army to the 2nd Army had ended, since the passage of the Sambre had been forced. Kluck wished to be certain to envelop the left (west) flank of the opposing forces to the south but was again over-ruled and ordered to advance south, rather than south-west, on 23 August.
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"Ward's Force" was formed with corps cavalry, cyclists and two batteries of field artillery, two sections of engineers, a battalion of infantry from the 48th Division on 22 March as a precaution after cavalry was forced out of Poeuilly and neighbouring villages by a counter-attack and the corps cavalry relieved by the 5th Cavalry Division. The villages were reoccupied next day. The German retirement from the R. III Stellung had begun on 19 March when Nurlu and Bertincourt were occupied by the British after slight pressure. British infantry and cavalry were finding greater German resistance. After a pause until 26 March, Ward's Force captured Roisel with an infantry company, two cavalry squadrons and two armoured cars; Canadian cavalry took Equancourt. The cavalry advanced again on 27 March and took Villers Faucon, Saulcourt and Guyencourt "with great dash". An attempt at a swifter pursuit by French cavalry and cyclists on 22 March failed, when they were forced back over the Crozat canal by a German counter-attack, with many casualties.
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- 英語
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