米国の住宅バブルの要因とは？
- 米国の住宅バブルは、アジアや石油生産国からの資金流入、低金利状況、低所得層の需要増加などの要因から引き起こされました。
- 1997年から2006年にかけて、米国の典型的な住宅価格は124％上昇しましたが、2008年に住宅バブルは崩壊し、株式市場も混乱しました。
- 住宅バブルは、アジアや石油生産国からの資金流入、低金利状況、低所得層の需要増加などの要因によって引き起こされました。
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どなたか（ ）の中の最も適切な語を選んで和訳していただけませんか？ In the years leading up to the crisis, there were three major factors that contributed to the housing bubble in the US. The first factor was money flow into the US from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing countries which were seeking a destination for investment. The second factor was easy credit conditions which were caused by an interest (rate/ratio/percentage) of 1% in the US in 2003, the lowest in 45 years. The third factor was a resultant high demand for housing from the low income bracket. Those factors led to the housing bubble between 1997 and 2006, raising the prices of (typical/ traditional/ attractive) American houses by 124%. However, the housing bubble burst in 2008, sending the stock market into tailspin
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（ ）内の語は、順に、rate, typical <訳例> 危機に先立つ数年間に、米国の住宅バブルの一因となった3つの主要な要因がありました。第1の要因は、投資の目的地を捜していたアジアの急速に成長する経済圏や産油国からの米国への資金流入でした。第2の要因は、2003年に米国での、過去45年で最も低い、1%の金利に起因した容易な（低利の）与信状況でした。第3の要因は、結果として生じる低所得者層からの住宅を求める高い要求でした。それらの要因は1997年～2006年にかけての住宅バブルにつながりました。そして、典型的なアメリカの住宅価格を124%上昇させました。しかし、住宅バブルは2008年にはじけ、株式市場を大暴落させることになったのです。
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どなたか下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ In 2008, the world witnessed the subprime loan crisis which was triggered by the collapse of Lehman Brothers, one of the largest investment banks in the US. The news sent a shockwave throughout the world, causing a “domino effect” of stock plunging through Europe, Russia, and Asian countries. The Dow Jones Industrial Average tumbled for six consecutive days from 14000 to 7000 dollars in October, 2008. Then what were the major contributing factors in causing the collapse of the bubble or the big free fall in stock prices?
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The advance began on 16 July at 10:00 a.m. but the casualties of the South Africans had reduced the weight of the attack, which was repulsed by the German defenders. The 27th Brigade advance were pinned down in the village by machine-gun fire from an orchard in the north end of Longueval. The survivors fell back to their trenches midway in the wood and were bombarded for the rest of the day. The situation became desperate and was made worse by an attack by Thuringian Infantry Regiment 153.
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Construction was organised by Rupprecht and Kuhl; when the plans were ready the line was divided into sectors and officers from the General Staff, gunners and engineers were appointed to oversee construction, which was expected to take five months. The defences were built by German construction companies, who brought skilled workmen to fabricate ferro concrete emplacements, while 12,000 German and 3,000 Belgian labourers and 50,000 mainly Russian prisoners of war dug the trenches. The building works absorbed most of the cement, sand and gravel production of occupied France and Belgium plus that of west Germany. Transport of materials was conducted by canal barge and railway, which carried 1,250 trainloads of engineering stores, although the building period from October 1916 to March 1917 meant that only about eight trains a day were added to normal traffic. Mass-production techniques were used to produce items for the position.
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Still in German hands, it had been largely destroyed in early 1917 following their withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line. Extensive booby traps had also been left and these troubled the Australians that moved into the town afterwards. It was subsequently recaptured by the Germans during the Spring Offensive. The land surrounding Bapaume was relatively flat and thus was conducive to the use of tanks. Byng allocated the Third Army's IV Corps to the forthcoming operation, which was to become known as the Second Battle of Bapaume. IV Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General George Harper comprised five divisions, all of which would be employed during the battle. The first three to be involved were the New Zealand Division along with the 37th and 42nd Divisions. The other two divisions, the 5th and the 63rd Divisions, were held in reserve before being deployed later in the battle. Of all these divisions, only the New Zealand Division was at full strength. Facing the Third Army was the German 17th Army, commanded by General der Infanterie (General of the Infantry) Otto von Below, made up of eight divisions which, apart from the 4th Bavarian Infantry Division, were all second class formations. A further two divisions were in reserve. The battle was planned to have two phases. The first, what is now known as the Battle of Albert, was to be an attack across a 15 km (9.3 mi) front from the village of Puiseux towards the Albert–Arras railway. The New Zealand Division, commanded by Major General Andrew Russell, played a limited role in this action, being limited to the New Zealand Rifle Brigade supporting the main attack which was to be carried out by the 37th Division on 21 August. The New Zealanders, along with the 42nd Division, on its right, were expected to bring the right flank in line with the left. Then the 5th and 63rd were to pass through the lines of the 37th Division and move onto and beyond the Albert-Arras railway. The New Zealand Division and 42nd were to move forward and maintain the front line, which gradually narrowed, placing the New Zealanders in a valley with the high ground on either side occupied by its flanking British divisions. The second phase, scheduled to begin on 23 August, was to capture Bapaume and then advance further east to Reincourt-les-Bapaume and Bancourt-Fremicourt and the high ground beyond.
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以下の文章です。 It is, of course, true that the emancipation of Asia and Africa and the development of the European crisis went hand in hand. Among the factors which facilitated the rise of independence movements in Asia and Africa, we must include the weakening of the grip of the European powers, Iargely as a consequence of their own discords and rivalries and of the wastage of resources in which their wars resulted. From the time of the First World War the incipient nationalist movements in the non-European world profited and the sudden collapse of the European empires after 1947 was to a large extent a consequence of external pressures and of the impact of world politics. In Asia neither the British nor the French nor the Dutch ever recovered from the blows inflicted by japan between 1941 and 1945; while in Africa and the Middle East they were checked and forced into retreat by pressures from the United States-acting directly and through the United Nations-which had a strong anti-colonial tradition of its own and was unwilling to stand aside while colonialism drove the peoples of Asia and Africa over to the side of the Soviet Union. Nationalism came to Asia a century later than it came to Europe and to black Africa fifty years later than to Asia. Two external events in the early years of the twentieth century were a powerful stimulus in its rise. The first was the victory of Japan over Russia in the war of 1904-5ー a victory hailed by dependent peoples everywhere as a blow to European ascendancy and proof that European arms were not invincible. Its impact was redoubled when, ten years later,the Japanese defeated the Germans in Shantung; and the successful campaigns of Kemal Ataturk against France in 1920 and Greece in 1922 were greeted in the same way as Asian victories over western military power. The second event was the Russian revolution of 1905ーa revolution which produced scarcely an echo in Europe but which, seen as a struggle for liberation from despotism, had an electrifying effect throughout Asia. The wave of unrest extended as far as Vietnam, and its impact, in sparking off the Persian revolution of 1906, the Turkish revolution of 1908 and the Chinese revolution of 1911, and in the new impetus it gave to the Indian Congress movement in 1907, was such that its consequences in Asia have been compared with those of the French revolution of 1789 in Europe.
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At the outbreak of war in Europe in early August 1914, the German colonial administration in Kamerun attempted to offer neutrality with Britain and France in accordance with Articles 10 and 11 of the Berlin Act of 1885. However this was hastily rejected by the Allies. The French were eager to regain the land ceded to Germany in the Treaty of Fez in 1911. The first Allied expeditions into the colony on 6 August 1914 were from the east conducted by French troops from French Equatorial Africa under General Joseph Gaudérique Aymerich. This region was mostly marshland, undeveloped, and was initially not heavily contested by Germans. By 25 August 1914, British forces in present-day Nigeria had moved into Kamerun from three different points. They pushed into the colony towards Mara in the far north, towards Garua in the centre, and towards Nsanakang in the south. British forces moving towards Garua under the command of Colonel MacLear were ordered to push to the German border post at Tepe near Garua. The first engagement between British and German troops in the campaign took place at the Battle of Tepe, eventually resulting in German withdrawal. In the far north British forces attempted to take the German fort at Mora but initially failed. This resulted in a long siege of German positions which would last until the end of the campaign.British forces in the south attacking Nsanakang were defeated and almost completely destroyed by German counter-attacks at the Battle of Nsanakong. MacLear then pushed his forces further inland towards the German stronghold of Garua but was repulsed in the First Battle of Garua on 31 August.
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The movements of humans in the last million years provide a clue to the answer. At the beginning of the Ice Age, humans lived near the equator, where the climate was mild and pleasant. Later they moved northward. From their birthplace in Africa they moved up across Arabia and then turned to the north and west into Europe, as well as eastward into Asia. When these early movements took place, the ice still only covered the lands in the far north; but eight hundred thousand years ago, the ice moved southward until it covered large parts of Europe and Asia. Then, for the first time, humans encountered the bone-chilling, freezing winds from the cakes of ice in the north. The climate in southern Europe had a Siberian coldness then, and summers were nearly as cold as European winters are today. In those difficult times, resourcefulness and inventiveness must have been of great value. Which individual first thought of stripping the fur from dead animals to wrap around hi body? Only by (human beings/ imaginative acts/ could/ such inventive/ survive/ and) a cold climate. In every generation, the individuals with strength, courage, and creativity were the ones more likely to survive the Ice Age; those who were less resourceful fell victim to the climate and their numbers were reduced. The Ice Age winter was the greatest challenge that humans had ever faced. They were naked and defenseless against the cold, as some little mammals had been defenseless against the dinosaurs one hundred million years before. Facing the pressure of a hostile world, both those mammals and humans were forced to live by their wits; and both became, in their time, the most intelligent animals of the day. ()内は並べ替えです。 めっちゃ困ってます!お願いします...
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The II Corps, on the left of the British line, occupied defensive positions along the Mons–Condé Canal, while I Corps was positioned almost at a right angle away from the canal, along the Mons–Beaumont road (see map). I Corps was deployed in this manner to protect the right flank of the BEF, in case the French were forced to retreat from their position at Charleroi. I Corps did not line the canal, which meant that it was little involved the battle and the German attack was faced mostly by II Corps. The dominant geographical feature of the battlefield, was a loop in the canal, jutting outwards from Mons towards the village of Nimy. This loop formed a small salient which was difficult to defend and formed the focus of the battle.
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A total of 12,000 of the available 16,000 Ottoman soldiers were moving west, to be in position to launch an attack by nightfall on the day of battle. The main Ottoman force of between two and a half and three divisions, estimated between 6,000 and 16,000 rifles, were deployed at Tel el Negile and Huj with detachments at Tel esh Sheria, Jemmameh, Hareira, Beersheba, and Gaza, to prevent the EEF from out-flanking Gaza. The rear of the EEF was to be attacked by the Ottoman 16th Division, at a point where the road from Khan Yunis to Gaza crossed the Wadi Ghuzze, and by the Beersheba Group which was to advance via Shellal, to attack Khan Yunis. The 22,000-strong attack force consisted of 12,000 infantry and 11,000 mounted troops, supported by between 36 and 96 field guns and 16 howitzers. The mounted units were to stop the Ottoman reinforcements from Tel el Sheria, Jemmameh, Hareira, Negile, Huj, and Beersheba, from reinforcing the Gaza garrison while the infantry captured the town.
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