The Science of Pot: Does it Make You Stupid?
- The science behind the question of whether pot makes you stupid is more nuanced than it may seem. A recent British study found that the chemical makeup of the marijuana, specifically the ratio of THC and CBD, plays a role in its effects. THC is responsible for the high and can cause paranoia and hallucinations, while CBD has sedating properties. The study revealed that higher concentrations of CBD relative to THC were associated with better performance on word-recall tests, suggesting that people with a mellower buzz were generally smarter. Most studies do not find lasting effects on cognition.
- The question of whether pot makes you stupid is often answered by watching stoner movies, but the science is more complex. A recent British study examined the effects of different ratios of THC and CBD, the main components of marijuana. THC causes the high and can cause paranoia and hallucinations, while CBD has calming effects. The study found that higher concentrations of CBD relative to THC were associated with better performance on word-recall tests, indicating that a mellower buzz may actually make you smarter. Most studies do not find long-term cognitive effects from marijuana use.
- The impact of marijuana on intelligence is a subject of debate. While stoner movies may suggest a correlation between pot use and stupidity, the science tells a different story. A recent British study focused on the chemical composition of marijuana, particularly the levels of THC and CBD. THC is responsible for the high and can lead to paranoia and hallucinations, while CBD has a calming effect. The study found that higher concentrations of CBD relative to THC were associated with better performance on word-recall tests, suggesting that a mellower buzz may actually enhance cognitive function. Overall, most studies do not find significant long-term effects on intelligence from marijuana use.
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the science of pot.
どなたか訳していただけませんでしょうか？（翻訳サイトは遣わないでください） The timeless question of whether pot makes you stupid seems easy to answer just by watching a stoner movie. Do those guys look smart to you? The science, though, is subtler than that, and the answer depends at least in part on the chemical makeup of whar's in your stash. A recent British study looked at how users are affected by different ratios of THC（テトラヒドロカンナビノール）←（マリファナの主要な成分）and cannabidinol (CBD), pot's other principal intoxicant. It's THC that's behind a pot high's otherworldly edge―and also behind the paranoia and hallucination it can cause. It's CBD that gives the drug its sedating power. The lower the concentration of CBD relative to THC, the the worse the subjects in the British study performed on word-recall tests;the higher the concentration, the better they did.Graded on the generous curve required when all the subjects were wasted, the people with the mellower buzz were generally smarter. While there is some conflicting date, most studies do not find lasting effects on cognition.
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The timeless question=常に問題となる/よく問題となる Makes you stupid=頭を悪くする Stoner=stoned person=stoned の本来の意味は大麻でハイになると、下半身が石のように重く感じること（経験者）。従ってStonerは主として大麻の影響に関係しています。即ち「大麻を乱用する人」 なを日米では、大麻は法律上、麻薬（コカイン・ヘロイン）と区別されています。 Subtler=より鋭い http://eow.alc.co.jp/subtle/UTF-8/ Other worldly edge=他の世間でいう優位性 http://eow.alc.co.jp/edge/UTF-8/ Wasted=大麻でハイになった http://eow.alc.co.jp/wasted/UTF-8/ Buzz=酔い http://eow.alc.co.jp/buzz/UTF-8/ ＜訳例＞ 大麻を吸うと頭脳に悪影響を与えると言う、よく問題となる質問には大麻乱用者を映している映画を見れば納得できると思う。このような人たちがスマートに見えるでしょうか。 科学的見地からすれば、それよりもっと明確である。少なくとも大麻に含まれている化学成分によりその答えが異なってくる。 最近の英国の研究によれば、主要成分のＴＨＣとそれから他の主要成分でもあるＣＢＤとの混合比率の差により、使用者にどのような影響をあたえるかということが検査された。 大麻でハイになるための他の通常の強力な効果は、妄想や幻覚などとともにＴＨＣがひきおこすのである。 これに対して、鎮静作用をもたらすのはＣＢＤである。 ＴＨＣに比較してＣＢＤ凝縮濃度が低いほど、この英国の研究での被験者たちの言語記憶力テストの結果が悪かった。濃度が高いほど成績が良かった。被験者全員がハイになった時に作成された緩やかな曲線図の点数をつければ、あまりハイでない人たちの方が一概に成績が良かった。 データによって相反するものもあるが、殆どの研究が認知力に関して永続的後遺症は見られなかった。
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「いつの時代でも問われることに、マリファナで頭が悪くなるかどうか、というものがある。答えは、マリファナ常習者の記録映像を見れば一目瞭然のように思える。しかし科学的には答えは明快ではない。少なくとも部分的には、その化学組成によって答えは変わる。最近のイギリスでの研究では、マリファナの作用を引き起こす主要成分であるTHC（テトラヒドロカンナビノール）とCBD（カンナビジオール）に焦点を当てている。 マリファナによる高揚感という尋常でない作用にはTHCが関わっている。マリファナが引き起こすパラノイアや幻覚も同様である。マリファナが鎮静作用を持つのはCBDがあるためである。イギリスでの単語想起試験では、THCに比べてCBDの濃度が低いほど被験者の成績は悪く、CBDの濃度が高いほど成績は良かった。全ての被験者が衰弱する（または「廃疾する」）時期を示す評価グラフによれば、作用の緩やかなマリファナの使用者のほうが成績は良かった。研究によって矛盾した結果が見られることもあるが、ほとんどの研究においては、後遺症的な影響は見られないとしている。」 といったところでしょうか（日本語になりにくい部分を省略するなどしています）。
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<訳例> ポット（=マリファナ）であなたが馬鹿になるかどうかに関する永遠の質問は、麻薬常用者映画を見るだけで答えやすく思える。 あのような連中はあなたにとって賢く見えるだろうか? もっとも、科学はそれより微妙である、そして、答えはあなたの口髭の中にあるものの化学組成に少なくとも一部分かかっている。 最近のイギリスの研究は、THC(テトラヒドロカンナビノール：マリファナの主要な成分)や、ポットの他の主要な麻薬成分であるカンナビジオール(CBD)の異なった比率によって、使用者が、どのような影響を受けるかに注目している。 ポットによる恍惚状態のこの世の物とも思えぬ鋭さの背後にあるのは--そして、それが引き起こす場合があるパラノイアと幻覚症状の背後にあるのも、THCである。 鎮静作用をドラッグに与えるのは、CBDである。 THCに比べてCBDの濃度が低ければ低いほど、単語回想テストで行われたイギリスの研究における被験者の成績は、より悪い; 濃度が、高ければ高いほど、彼らの成績は良い。すべての被験者が消耗した時に、必須の、寛大な曲線上で採点されると、よりまろやかな騒音を伴う人々が、一般的により利口だった。 いくつかの矛盾するデータはあるけれど、ほとんどの研究は認識力への永続効果を見出していない。 <コメント> 最後から2つ目の文 Graded on the generous curve required when all the subjects were wasted, the people with the mellower buzz were generally smarter. だけがうまく訳せませんでした。さらなる良い回答がない場合、この部分だけを問う形で、全文を資料として、添付された上で、再質問することをお勧めします。
- bakansky
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マリファナを吸うとアホみたいになるのかというお馴染みの質問には、常用者の生態を映した映画を見ればいいと答えておく。 そういう連中がまともに見えますか？ 科学的な見地からいえば、そんな単純な説明では終らない。少なくとも、そのドラッグに含まれる科学的な成分によって答えは違ってくる。 最近の英国で、大麻の主要な成分であるTHC（= Tetrahydrocannabinol テトラヒドロカンナビノール）とCBD（= Cannabidiol カンナビジオール）の割合の違いがどういう影響をもたらすかが調べられた。 マリファナのハイになった状態 -- それによって妄想や幻覚を引き起こす -- を誘発する物質はTHCである。 そして、鎮静作用の方はCBDが関与している。 THCに比してCBDの濃度が低い場合、被験者における言葉を想起するテストの成績が悪くなるが、割合が逆だと成績は良かった。 すべての被験者について、マリファナが効いた状態にある時の成績の曲線グラフで判断すると、軽く効いている者は一般に成績がいい。 データによる違いが存在するものの、ほとんどの実験で持続的な認知問題の発生は認められなかった。
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Results Results of the recruitment process The study group were drawn from a population that consisted of 200 predominantly male subjects residing at the ZVAMC NHCU from October 1989 to October 1990. The recruitment period extended from October 1989 to June 100 and the exercise program was conducted from January to October of 1990. The inclusion and exclusion criteria shown in Table 1 were applied to the study population. Independent ambulation, requiring no supervision with or without an assistive device, was a prerequisite for study consideration. Because of this criterion, 112 of the NHCU residents were excluded from the study. Another 60 residents were omitted because of significant illness, dementia, leg amputation or dependence on an assistive device for ambulation. Of the remaining 28 subjects, 5were excluded because they scored above the predetermined cut off point on the Tinetti mobility assessment scale; it was felt these individuals were too functional to derive significant benefit from the intervention program. Of the 23 remaining subjects, 15 provided informed consent. Because of resource and supervisory limitation only three to four individuals could reasonably participate in the exercise sessions at any one time. Consequently, only 12 of the potential 15 subjects were actually able to participate in the study. Six subjects joined the exercise group and six the control group. After completion of the control protocol, four of the control subjects then participated in and completed the exercise protocol. Of the original subjects in the exercise group two were forced to total of eight subjects in the exercise group protocol. Selected characteristics of the subjects are described in Table 2. No significant differences were noted between the initial profiles of the exercise and control groups, although weight, length of stay and number of major diagnoses demonstrated more variability than age, height and number of scheduled medications. Baseline Testing of the Exercise and Control Subhects Baseline data for the participants who completed the study indicated that their initial scores for strength, work capacity and gait were substantially lower than age-specific nomal values recorded in the literature30 31 33.the participants demonstrated deficiencies of 21% for tinetti mobility skills, 62% for gait velocity and 56% for stride length. The exercise and the control groups were not significantly different with regard to their profile of baseline deficiencies in these functional capacities. タイプミスあったらすみません。 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871
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The Battle of the Frontiers was a series of battles fought along the eastern frontier of France and in southern Belgium shortly after the outbreak of World War I. The battles resolved the military strategies of the French Chief of Staff General Joseph Joffre with Plan XVII and an offensive interpretation of the German Aufmarsch II deployment plan by Helmuth von Moltke the Younger. The German concentration on the right (northern) flank, to wheel through Belgium and attack the French in the rear, was delayed by the movement of General Charles Lanrezac's Fifth Army towards the north-west to intercept them and the presence of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on his left flank. The Franco-British were driven back by the Germans, who were able to invade northern France. French and British rearguard actions delayed the German advance, allowing the French time to transfer their forces to the west to defend Paris, resulting in the First Battle of the Marne.
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On 11 December, a British column sent to Duwwar Hussein, was attacked along the Matruh–Sollum track and in the Affair of Wadi Senba, drove the Senussi out of the wadi. The reconnaissance continued and on 13 December at Wadi Hasheifiat the British were attacked again and held up, until artillery came into action in the afternoon and forced the Senussi to retreat. The British returned to Matruh until 25 December and then made a night advance to surprise the Senussi. At the Affair of Wadi Majid, the Senussi were defeated but were able to withdraw to the west. Air reconnaissance found more Senussi encampments in the vicinity of Matruh at Halazin, which was attacked on 23 January, in the Affair of Halazin. The Senussi fell back skilfully and then attempted to envelop the British flanks. The British were pushed back on the flanks as the centre advanced and defeated the main body of Senussi, who were again able to withdraw.
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The Royal British Legion with the British Embassy in Paris and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, commemorate the battle on 1 July each year, at the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme. For their efforts on the first day of the battle, The 1st Newfoundland Regiment was given the name "The Royal Newfoundland Regiment" by George V on 28 November 1917. The first day of the Battle of the Somme is commemorated in Newfoundland, remembering the "Best of the Best" at 11:00 a.m. on the Sunday nearest to 1 July. The Somme is remembered in Northern Ireland due to the participation of the 36th (Ulster) Division and commemorated by veterans' groups and by unionist/Protestant groups such as the Orange Order. The British Legion and others commemorate the battle on 1 July.
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The Togoland Campaign (9–26 August 1914) was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in west Africa (which became Togo and the Volta Region of Ghana after independence), during the First World War. The colony was invaded on 6 August, by French forces from Dahomey to the east and on 9 August by British forces from Gold Coast to the west. German colonial forces withdrew from the capital Lomé and the coastal province and then fought delaying actions on the route north to Kamina, where a new wireless station linked Berlin to Togoland, the Atlantic and south America. The main British and French force from the neighbouring colonies of Gold Coast and Dahomey, advanced from the coast up the road and railway, as smaller forces converged on Kamina from the north. The German defenders were able to delay the invaders for several days at the battles of Bafilo, Agbeluvhoe and Chra but surrendered the colony on 26 August 1914. In 1916, Togoland was partitioned by the victors and in July 1922, British Togoland and French Togoland were created, as League of Nations mandates. The French acquisition consisted of c. 60 percent of the colony, including the coast. The British received the smaller, less populated and less developed portion of Togoland to the west. The surrender of Togoland marked the beginning of the end for the German colonial empire in Africa.
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In early March, instructions were given by the British Fourth Army corps commanders, for advanced guards to maintain contact should the Germans retreat, with larger forces to follow and dig in behind them on defensible ground, so that the advanced guards could fall back if attacked. The first sign of a German retreat was seen on 14 March when fires were seen in St. Pierre Vaast Wood. Later in the day the British entered Saillisel and by 16 March most of the wood had been occupied. The British Fourth and Fifth armies organised all-arms forces of cavalry squadrons, infantry and cyclist battalions and artillery batteries, to some of which armoured-car units were attached. On 15 March the French Groupe d'armées du Nord (GAN), south of the junction with the British Fourth Army at Roye, was ordered to follow up a German retirement.
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Improvements in French artillery tactics, were foreshadowed by the pauses in the creep of the 77th Division barrage on 9 May, which enabled the infantry to keep up and capture ouvrage 123, the fanning-out barrages and hybrid barrages fired on 16 June, the use of chemical shells and artillery observation from aircraft equipped with wireless. The Battle of Aubers Ridge was a British offensive on the Western Front on 9 May 1915 during World War I. The battle was part of the British contribution to the Second Battle of Artois, a Franco-British offensive intended to exploit the German diversion of troops to the Eastern Front. The French Tenth Army was to attack the German 6th Army north of Arras and capture Vimy Ridge, preparatory to an advance on Cambrai and Douai. The British First Army on the left (northern) flank of the Tenth Army, was to attack on the same day and widen the gap in the German defences expected to be made by the Tenth Army and to prevent German troops from being moved south of La Bassée canal. The battle was the initial British component of the combined Anglo-French offensive known as the Second Battle of Artois. The French commander-in-chief, Joseph Joffre, had enquired of Sir John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force, if British units could support a French offensive into the Douai Plain around late April or early May 1915. The immediate French objectives were to capture the heights at Notre Dame de Lorette and the Vimy Ridge. The British First Army was further north, between La Bassée and Ypres (Belgium). It was decided that the British forces would attack in the southern half of their front line, near the village of Laventie. Their objective in the flat and poorly drained terrain was Aubers Ridge, an area of slightly higher ground 2–3 kilometres (1.2–1.9 mi) wide marked by the villages of Aubers, Fromelles and Le Maisnil. The area had been attacked in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle two months earlier. The battle marked the second use of specialist Royal Engineer tunnelling companies, when men of 173rd Tunnelling Company tunnelled under no man's land and planted mines under the German defences to be blown at zero hour. The course of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle had shown that one breastwork was insufficient to stop an attack and the fortifications opposite the British were quickly augmented. Barbed-wire entanglements were doubled and trebled and 5-foot (1.5 m) deep breastworks were increased to 15–20 feet (4.6–6.1 m) broad, with traverses and a parados (a bank of earth behind the trench to provide rear protection). The two machine-guns per battalion were sited in emplacements at ground level set to sweep no man's land from flanking positions. Aubers Ridge オーベル山稜
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